Exercise 2.14. Demonstrate that Lem is right. Investigate the behavior of the system on a variety of arithmetic expressions. Make some intervals Aand B, and use them in computing the expressions A/A and A/B. You will get the most insight by using intervals whose width is a small percentage of the center value. Examine the results of the computation in center-percent form (see exercise 2.12).
(define (make-center-percent center percent) (make-center-width center (* center percent))) (define (center z) (* 0.5 (+ (lower-bound z) (upper-bound z)))) (define (percent z) (/ (* 0.5 (- (upper-bound z) (lower-bound z))) (center z))) (define (make-center-width c w) (make-interval (- c w) (+ c w))) (define (make-interval a b) (cons a b)) (define (upper-bound z) (cdr z)) (define (lower-bound z) (car z)) (define (add-interval x y) (make-interval (+ (lower-bound x) (lower-bound y)) (+ (upper-bound x) (upper-bound y)))) (define (sub-interval x y) (make-interval (- (lower-bound x) (upper-bound y)) (- (upper-bound x) (lower-bound y)))) (define (mul-interval x y) (cond ((and (>= (lower-bound x) 0) (>= (lower-bound y) 0)) (make-interval (* (lower-bound x) (lower-bound y)) (* (upper-bound x) (upper-bound y)))) ((and (< (lower-bound x) 0) (>= (upper-bound x) 0) (>= (lower-bound y) 0)) (make-interval (* (lower-bound x) (upper-bound y)) (* (upper-bound x) (upper-bound y)))) ((and (< (upper-bound x) 0) (>= (lower-bound y) 0)) (make-interval (* (lower-bound x) (upper-bound y)) (* (upper-bound x) (lower-bound y)))) ((and (>= (lower-bound x) 0) (< (lower-bound y) 0) (>= (upper-bound y) 0)) (make-interval (* (upper-bound x) (lower-bound y)) (* (upper-bound x) (upper-bound y)))) ((and (< (lower-bound x) 0) (>= (upper-bound x) 0) (< (lower-bound y) 0) (>= (upper-bound y) 0)) (make-interval (min (* (lower-bound x) (upper-bound y)) (* (upper-bound x) (lower-bound y))) (max (* (lower-bound x) (lower-bound y)) (* (upper-bound x) (upper-bound y))))) ((and (< (upper-bound x) 0) (< (lower-bound y) 0) (>= (upper-bound y) 0)) (make-interval (* (lower-bound x) (upper-bound y)) (* (lower-bound x) (lower-bound y)))) ((and (>= (lower-bound x) 0) (< (upper-bound y) 0)) (make-interval (* (upper-bound x) (lower-bound y)) (* (lower-bound x) (upper-bound y)))) ((and (< (lower-bound x) 0) (>= (upper-bound x) 0) (< (upper-bound y) 0)) (make-interval (* (upper-bound x) (lower-bound y)) (* (lower-bound x) (lower-bound y)))) ((and (< (upper-bound x) 0) (< (upper-bound y) 0)) (make-interval (* (upper-bound x) (upper-bound y)) (* (lower-bound x) (lower-bound y)))))) (define (div-interval x y) (mul-interval x (make-interval (/ 1.0 (upper-bound y)) (/ 1.0 (lower-bound y))))) (define a (make-center-percent 3.14 0.01)) (define b (make-center-percent 9.8 0.01)) (center (div-interval a a)) (percent (div-interval a a)) (center (div-interval a b)) (percent (div-interval a b))
1.0002000200020003
0.019998000199980076
0.3204722513067634
0.019998000199980114
用两个不同的公式计算并联电阻值,从数值计算角度来说,造成的误差是不同的,所以结果不同。从区间运算角度来说,A/A不等于(1,1),所以这两个公式不等价,结果当然不同