ubuntu常用命令

更换镜像源

查看ubuntu镜像版本

lsb_release -c

备份原来的软件源并另存

sudo cp -v /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.backup

执行chmod命令更改文件权限使软件源文件可编辑

sudo chmod 777 /etc/apt/sources.list

通过gedit命令编辑软件源，打开源文件后，进入编辑模式将所有的代码删干净，然后复制粘贴需要的镜像源（把ubuntu版本名替换为自己系统上查看到的版本名）

sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

或者使用vim,进入后按i进入编辑模式（即INSERT插入），编辑完后先按Esc退出编辑模式，然后输入 :wq 退出即可

# 阿里云
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

#清华大学开源软件镜像站
# 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
# 预发布软件源，不建议启用
# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiv

# 中科大源
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

# 网易163
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse

# Ubuntu 官方源
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ gutsy main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ gutsy-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ gutsy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ gutsy-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ gutsy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ gutsy main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ gutsy-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ gutsy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ gutsy-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ gutsy-backports main restricted universe multivers

更新apt工具

sudo apt-get update

编辑环境变量

//打开环境变量
gedit ~/.bashrc 
//使命令生效
source ~/.bashrc

快捷方式

ctr+shift+c 终端复制
ctr+shift+v 终端粘贴

显卡驱动安装

查看支持安装的显卡驱动版本号

ubuntu-drivers devices

选择你要安装的显卡驱动版本下载并安装

sudo apt install nvidia-410

或者自动安装，会自动安装推荐显卡驱动版本

sudo ubuntu-drivers autoinstall

卸载显卡驱动

sudo apt-get install autoremove --purge nvidia*
sudo apt-get remove --purge nvidia*

查看显卡型号

nvidia-smi

验证cuda是否安装成功

# 验证 OpenCV 安装
import cv2
cv2.__version__
# 验证 PyTorch 安装
import torch
torch.__version__
import torchvision
torchvision.__version__
# 验证 CUDA 是否正确安装
torch.cuda.is_available()

重启

sudo reboot

安装音频解码器

sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras

安装和卸载.deb文件

//安装
sudo chmod +x *.deb
sudo dpkg -i google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb 
//执行出错用下面的命令安装依赖，然后再执行上述安装命令
sudo apt-get -f install

//卸载
//搜索安装的包
sudo dpkg -l 名称
//执行以下命令卸载
sudo dpkg -r 软件名

对目录test及其子目录所有文件添加可读可写可执行权限

chmod -R 777 test

对.tar.gz文件解压缩,会在当前目录下生成一个同名文件

tar xvzf est2.tar.gz

使用apt-get命令来安装或者更新deb包

sudo apt-get install g++

解压缩.rar文件

sudo apt-get install rar
rar x test.rar
//或者
sudo apt-get install unrar
unrar x -r test.rar

ubuntu安装.rpm包需要安装alien依赖，将.rpm包转换成.deb包
注意：用alien转换deb包并不能保证完全顺利安装，所以如果能找到deb包，还是用deb包为好

sudo apt-get install alien //alien默认没有安装，所以首先要安装它

sudo alien xxxx.rpm //将rpm转换为deb,完成后会生成一个xxxx.deb

sudo dpkg -i xxxx.deb //这样xxxx软件就可以安装完成了

ubuntu安装Jupyter Notebook

//更新apt
sudo apt update 
sudo apt upgrade
//安装pip3
sudo apt install python3-pip
sudo pip3 install --upgrade pip
//安装notebook
sudo pip3 install notebook
//启动notebook
jupyter notebook

conda虚拟环境内安装cuda

conda search cudatoolkit --info
conda search cudnn --info

文件权限

sudo chown -R proxy /Users/proxy/go/src/myproject
1 myuser  为用户名或用户id
2 ./path/to/folder为你要改变文件夹的路径
3 chown -R命令的使用 chown将指定文件的拥有者改为指定的用户或组,用户可以是用户名或者用户ID   

sudo chmod 600 config
// 只有所有者有读写权限