Common Apache Misconfigurations
This page will describe common misconfigurations as seen in #apache as well as describe why these are wrong.
# 注释 ：本页面将会介绍那些常见的配置错误
- Common Apache Misconfigurations
- Name Based Virtual Host
- Not matching the value of NameVirtualHost with a corresponding <VirtualHost> block.
- Not setting a ServerName in a virtual host.
- Mixing non-port and port name based virtual hosts.
- Using the same Listen and/or NameVirtualHost multiple times.
- Multiple SSL name based virtual hosts on the same interface.
- Scope
- Adding/Restricting access and options in <Directory />
- Changing the DocumentRoot value without updating the old DocumentRoot's <Directory> block
- Trying to set directory and index options in a script aliased directory.
- Name Based Virtual Host
Name Based Virtual Host Not matching the value of NameVirtualHost with a corresponding <VirtualHost> block.
Example:
NameVirtualHost *:80 # 注释 ：规定了在所有地址的 80 端口上监听# This is wrong. No matching NameVirtualHost some.domain.com line.
<VirtualHost some.domain.com> # 注释 ：但这里的 some.domain.com 是一个外界的地址 # Options and stuff defined here.</VirtualHost># This would be correct.
<VirtualHost *:80> # 注释 ：象这个才是和 NameVirtualHost 匹配的 ServerName some.domain.com # Options and stuff defined here.</VirtualHost>
Why is the first virtual host wrong? It's wrong on a couple of levels. The most obvious is that some.domain.com used in the first <VirtualHost> block doesn't match *:80 used in NameVirtualHost. The other being that NameVirtualHost refers to an interface, not a domain. For instance using *:80, means catch all interfaces on port 80. NameVirtualHost 1.1.1.1:80, would mean to catch the interface defined as 1.1.1.1 on port 80. While you can use a "NameVirtualHost some.domain.com/<VirtualHost some.domain.com>" combination, it doesn't really make sense and is not used... at least not used by anyone who's experienced with Apache administration.
# 注释 ：其实在上面的例子中有两个地方是错误的 ：
# -）1、很明显，some.domain.com 不匹配 NameVirtualHost 指定的 *:80
# -）2、NameVirtualHost 是错误的，因为它并不是指向一个固定的域名，而是用 * 代替，而 NameVirtualHost 最好是给出一个明确的ip地址或者域名
# 注释 ：当然你可以用 NameVirtualHost <some.domain.com:80> 和 <VirtualHost some.domain.com:80></VirtualHost> ，不过很明显，这是没有任何意义的，
# 因为你不能控制一个不属于你管理范围的主机，也就是说这只是语法上正确而已，但没有任何实际效果
Not setting a ServerName in a virtual host
Example:
NameVirtualHost *:80# This would be correct.
<VirtualHost *:80> ServerName some.domain.com # Options and stuff defined here.</VirtualHost># This is wrong.
<VirtualHost *:80> # Options and stuff defined here, but no ServerName</VirtualHost>
The second virtual host is wrong because when using name based virtual hosts, the ServerName is used by Apache to determine which virtual host configuration to use. Without it, Apache will never use the second virtual host configuration and will use the default virtual host. The default virtual host when using name based virtual hosts is the first defined virtual host.
# 注释 ：既然是 Name-based 虚拟主机，自然需要指定 ServerName 了，因为 Apache 就是根据 HTTP 请求中的 Host: header 来查找和它匹配
# 的虚拟主机的（ServerName 的值等于 Host: header 的值）。如果没有指定一个虚拟主机的 ServerName ，则 Apache 永远不会使用上面例子中的
# 第2个虚拟主机的配置，而是使用默认的虚拟主机（当使用了 Name-based 虚拟主机，第1个虚拟主机也就自动称为默认的虚拟主机）
Mixing non-port and port name based virtual hosts.
Example:
NameVirtualHost * NameVirtualHost *:80<VirtualHost *>
ServerName some.domain.com # Options and stuff defined here.</VirtualHost><VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName some.domain2.com # Options and stuff defined here.</VirtualHost>
Because NameVirtualHost * means catch all interfaces on all ports, the *:80 virtual host will never be caught. Every request to Apache will result in the some.domain.com virtual host being used.
# 注释 ：在上面的例子中，第1个 NameVritualHost 表示监听所有接口上的所有接接口，所以第2个 NameVirtualHost 永远不会被用到。
# 所以每个请求都会导致 Apache 使用第一个虚拟主机的配置来响应
Using the same Listen and/or NameVirtualHost multiple times.
Example:
# Can happen when using multiple config files. # In one config file:Listen 80 # In another config file:Listen 80# Like above, can happen when using multiple config files.
# In one config file:NameVirtualHost *:80# In another config file: NameVirtualHost *:80
In the case of multiple Listen directives, Apache will bind to port 80 the first time and then try to bind to port 80 a second time. This yields a nice "Could not bind to port" error on start up. This seems to happen with newbies and Debian based distros, where Debian based distros have Listen 80 defined in ports.conf. Newbies don't realize this and create another Listen 80 line in apache2.conf.
# 注释 ：你可能认为这不会有什么问题，不过很遗憾，Apache 会尝试重复把自己绑定到 80 端口上，这会在 Apache 启动时产生一个 "Could not bind to port" 的错误
# 消息，这对于使用 Debian 发行版的新手来说可能会比较常见，因为 Debina 发行版在 ports.conf 中已经有定义 Listen 80 了，新手不注意的话会在 apache2.conf
# 中再定义一次
Multiple NameVirtualHost lines will yield a "NameVirtualHost *:80 has no VirtualHosts" warning. Apache will ignore the second directive and use the first defined NameVirtualHost line, though. This seems to happen when one is using multiple virtual host configuration files and doesn't understand that you only need to define a particular NameVirtualHost line once.
# 注释 ：多个 NameVirtualHost 同样也不行，也会产生 ‘NameVirtualHost *:80 has no VirtualHosts" 的错误，Apache 会忽略第2个指令，并只使用第1个 NameVirutalHost
# 补充 ：如果多个 NameVirtualHost 是在不同地址上监听，这种情况是允许的。
Multiple SSL name based virtual hosts on the same interface.
Example:
NameVirtualHost *:443<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName some.domain.com # SSL options, other options, and stuff defined here.</VirtualHost><VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName some.domain2.com # SSL options, other options, and stuff defined here.</VirtualHost>
Because of the nature of SSL, host information isn't used when first establishing a SSL connection. Apache will always use the certificate of the default virtual host, which is the first defined virtual host in name based virtual hosts. While this doesn't mean that you won't ever be able to access the second virtual host, it does mean your users will always get a certificate mismatch popup warning when trying to access some.domain2.com. Read more about this at http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/ssl/ssl_faq.html#vhosts2.
# 注释 ：这也是一个很常见的问题，因为 SSL 是”横在“ HTTP 和 TCP 之间的一个中间层，它把两端的通信数据进行加密，
# 所以在建立 SSL 连接之前，是无法看到其中的 HTTP 请求的 Host: 的，看不到 Host: header 的值，Apache 就不知道应该
# 用那个 Name-based 虚拟主机来响应，所以 Apache 会象上面一样，固定使用一个 Name-based 虚拟主机来响应（包括
# 该虚拟主机所定义的 SSL 证书）。具体可以看下面这段话 ：
Why is it not possible to use Name-Based Virtual Hosting to identify different SSL virtual hosts?
Name-Based Virtual Hosting is a very popular method of identifying different virtual hosts. It allows you to use the same IP address and the same port number for many different sites. When people move on to SSL, it seems natural to assume that the same method can be used to have lots of different SSL virtual hosts on the same server.
It comes as rather a shock to learn that it is impossible.
The reason is that the SSL protocol is a separate layer which encapsulates the HTTP protocol. So the SSL session is a separate transaction, that takes place before the HTTP session has begun. The server receives an SSL request on IP address X and port Y (usually 443). Since the SSL request does not contain any Host: field, the server has no way to decide which SSL virtual host to use. Usually, it will just use the first one it finds, which matches the port and IP address specified.
You can, of course, use Name-Based Virtual Hosting to identify many non-SSL virtual hosts (all on port 80, for example) and then have a single SSL virtual host (on port 443). But if you do this, you must make sure to put the non-SSL port number on the NameVirtualHost directive, e.g.
NameVirtualHost 192.168.1.1:80
Other workaround solutions include:
Using separate IP addresses for different SSL hosts. Using different port numbers for different SSL hosts.
Also, note that the configuration above isn't something someone would normally use for SSL, which requires a static, non-shared IP address -- NameVirtualHost 127.124.3.53:80 is a more likely format. However, using NameVirtualHost *:443 is commonly seen in howtos for Debian/Ubuntu.
# 注释 ：还有一点，既然要使用 SSL ，一般不会使用这种共享 ip 的方式，都是每台 SSL 服务器对应一个 ip 的。
# 具体的含义可以看上面粗体的部分
#++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Scope Adding/Restricting access and options in <Directory />
Example:
<Directory /> # This was changed from the default of AllowOverride None. AllowOverride FileInfo Indexes # Default directives defined below.</Directory>
<Directory /> is not a URL path. It is a filesystem path. Making changes in this <Directory> block will have no effect on your website DocumentRoot. In the example above, what m
what might have been attempted was being able to use htaccess in the DocumentRoot. The problem being that the htaccess file will still be ignored because the AllowOverride is set in the wrong <Directory> block.
# 注释 ：因为 <Directory /> 不是 DocumentRoot 所指的那个目录，而是真正的文件系统 / 目录。所以你在这里设置并不会对 DocumentRoot 指定的目录有什么影响。
# 如果要限制 DocumentRoot 的访问，应该在 <Directory /var/www/html> 中进行，或者在 /var/www/html/.htaccess 中进行
# 补充 ：下面是 httpd.conf 中关于这两个目录的默认配置
# First, we configure the "default" to be a very restrictive set of
# features.
#
<Directory />
Options FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride None
</Directory>
#
# Note that from this point forward you must specifically allow
# particular features to be enabled - so if something's not working as
# you might expect, make sure that you have specifically enabled it
# below.
#
#
# This should be changed to whatever you set DocumentRoot to.
#
<Directory "/var/www/html">
#
# Possible values for the Options directive are "None", "All",
# or any combination of:
# Indexes Includes FollowSymLinks SymLinksifOwnerMatch ExecCGI MultiViews
#
# Note that "MultiViews" must be named *explicitly* --- "Options All"
# doesn't give it to you.
#
# The Options directive is both complicated and important. Please see
# http://httpd.apache.org/docs-2.0/mod/core.html#options
# for more information.
#
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
#
# AllowOverride controls what directives may be placed in .htaccess files.
# It can be "All", "None", or any combination of the keywords:
# Options FileInfo AuthConfig Limit
#
AllowOverride None
#
# Controls who can get stuff from this server.
#
Order allow,deny
Allow from all
</Directory>
Changing the DocumentRoot value without updating the old DocumentRoot's <Directory> block
Example:
# Your old DocumentRoot value was /usr/local/apache2/htdocs DocumentRoot /var/www/html## This should be changed to whatever you set DocumentRoot to.#<Directory /usr/local/apache2/htdocs> # Options and access set here.</Directory>
Access and options in Apache must be expressly given. Since there is no <Directory> block for the new document root that grants any access or options, you will get a permission error when you try to access your site.
# 注释 ：上面的 DocumentRoot 指向 /var/www/html ，但却没有针对改目录的 <Direcotry></Directory> 配置段，
# 所以可能会得到一个 403 （Forbiden）的错误
Trying to set directory and index options in a script aliased directory.
Example:
ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /var/www/cgi-bin/ <Directory /var/www/cgi-bin> AllowOverride None Options Indexes ExecCGI DirectoryIndex index.cgi # Other options defined.</Directory>
Script aliased directories do not allow for directory listings specified with Options Indexes. This is a security feature. Also, script aliased directories automatically try and execute everything in them. So, Options ExecCGI is unnecessary. The DirectoryIndex directive also does not work in a script aliased directory. The workaround for this if you really need directory listings or other directory indexing options is to use Alias instead of ScriptAlias.
# 注释 ：要注意，ScriptAlias 所指定的目录不允许启用 index 功能或者设定默认的 index 页面。这很明显是出于安全方面的考虑， 否则所有人都可以下载 CGI 脚本了。
# 同时 ScriptAlias 所指定的目录下的所有文件都会被当成 CGI 程序来尝试执行，所以不需要手工指定 ExecCGI 选项了，如果你真的需要这么作，用 Alias 代替
# ScriptAlias 命令，不过还是建议不要这么作
# 补充 ：下面是关于 cgi-bin/ 目录的默认配置
# ScriptAlias: This controls which directories contain server scripts.
# ScriptAliases are essentially the same as Aliases, except that
# documents in the realname directory are treated as applications and
# run by the server when requested rather than as documents sent to the client.
# The same rules about trailing "/" apply to ScriptAlias directives as to
# Alias.
#
ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ "/var/www/cgi-bin/"
#
# "/var/www/cgi-bin" should be changed to whatever your ScriptAliased
# CGI directory exists, if you have that configured.
#
<Directory "/var/www/cgi-bin">
AllowOverride None
Options None
Order allow,deny
Allow from all
</Directory>
Example:
Alias /cgi-bin/ /var/www/cgi-bin/ <Directory /var/www/cgi-bin> AllowOverride None Options Indexes ExecCGI AddHandler cgi-script .cgi DirectoryIndex index.cgi # Other options defined.</Directory>
The options above will now work.
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