Django 2.1.3 模型层 多对多关系 例子

也可以看 一对多关系 实例

---

在此示例中，Article（文章）可以在多个Publication（出版物） 对象中发布，并且一个 Publication具有多个Article对象：

from django.db import models

class Publication(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=30)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title

    class Meta:
        ordering = ('title',)

class Article(models.Model):
    headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    publications = models.ManyToManyField(Publication)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.headline

    class Meta:
        ordering = ('headline',)

以下是可以使用Python API工具执行的操作示例。请注意，如果您使用中间模型来实现多对多关系，则会禁用某些相关管理器的方法，因此其中一些示例将无法与此类模型一起使用。

创建一些Publications：

>>> p1 = Publication(title='The Python Journal')
>>> p1.save()
>>> p2 = Publication(title='Science News')
>>> p2.save()
>>> p3 = Publication(title='Science Weekly')
>>> p3.save()

创建一个Article：

>>> a1 = Article(headline='Django lets you build Web apps easily')

在保存文章之前，您无法将其与Publication关联：

>>> a1.publications.add(p1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: 'Article' instance needs to have a primary key value before a many-to-many relationship can be used.

保存！

>>> a1.save()

关联 Article和 Publication：

>>> a1.publications.add(p1)

创建另一个Article：

>>> a2 = Article(headline='NASA uses Python')
>>> a2.save()
>>> a2.publications.add(p1, p2)
>>> a2.publications.add(p3)

添加第二次是可以的，它不会复制关系：

>>> a2.publications.add(p3)

添加错误类型的对象会引发TypeError：

>>> a2.publications.add(a1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: 'Publication' instance expected

使用create()一条语句创建并添加Publication到Article：

>>> new_publication = a2.publications.create(title='Highlights for Children')

Article对象可以访问与其相关的Publication对象：

>>> a1.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> a2.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>

Publication对象可以访问与其相关Article对象：

>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>]>
>>> p1.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>
>>> Publication.objects.get(id=4).article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>]>

可以使用跨关系的查找来查询多对多关系：

>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__id=1)
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>

>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__pk=1)
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>

>>> Article.objects.filter(publications=1)
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>

>>> Article.objects.filter(publications=p1)
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>

>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science")
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>

>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science").distinct()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>]>

count()和distinct()一起使用：

>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science").count()
2

>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science").distinct().count()
1

>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__in=[1,2]).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>

>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__in=[p1,p2]).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>

支持反向m2m查询（即，从没有ManyToManyField的表向另一个表进行查找）：

>>> Publication.objects.filter(id=1)
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Publication.objects.filter(pk=1)
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>

>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith="NASA")
<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>

>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__id=1)
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__pk=1)
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article=1)
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article=a1)
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>

>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__in=[1,2]).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__in=[a1,a2]).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>

排除相关项目也可以正常工作（虽然涉及的SQL有点复杂）：

>>> Article.objects.exclude(publications=p2)
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>]>

如果我们删除一个Publication，Articles将无法访问它：

>>> p1.delete()
>>> Publication.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>]>
>>> a1 = Article.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> a1.publications.all()
<QuerySet []>

如果我们删除一个Article，Publications将无法访问它：

>>> a2.delete()
>>> Article.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>]>
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet []>

通过m2m的另一端添加：

>>> a4 = Article(headline='NASA finds intelligent life on Earth')
>>> a4.save()
>>> p2.article_set.add(a4)
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>]>
>>> a4.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Science News>]>

使用关键字通过另一端添加：

>>> new_article = p2.article_set.create(headline='Oxygen-free diet works wonders')
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>, <Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>
>>> a5 = p2.article_set.all()[1]
>>> a5.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Science News>]>

从Article删除Publication：

>>> a4.publications.remove(p2)
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>
>>> a4.publications.all()
<QuerySet []>

而从另一端：

>>> p2.article_set.remove(a5)
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet []>
>>> a5.publications.all()
<QuerySet []>

可以设置关系集：

>>> a4.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Science News>]>
>>> a4.publications.set([p3])
>>> a4.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Science Weekly>]>

可以清除关系集：

>>> p2.article_set.clear()
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet []>

你可以从另一端清除：

>>> p2.article_set.add(a4, a5)
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>, <Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>

>>> a4.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>]>
>>> a4.publications.clear()
>>> a4.publications.all()
<QuerySet []>

>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>

重新创建我们已经删除的Article和Publication：

>>> p1 = Publication(title='The Python Journal')
>>> p1.save()
>>> a2 = Article(headline='NASA uses Python')
>>> a2.save()
>>> a2.publications.add(p1, p2, p3)

批量删除一些Publications- 对已删除的出版物的引用应该是：

>>> Publication.objects.filter(title__startswith='Science').delete()
>>> Publication.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Article.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>, <Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>, <Article: NASA uses Python>, <Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>
>>> a2.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>

批量删除一些文章 - 对已删除对象的引用应该是：

>>> q = Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith='Django')
>>> print(q)
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build Web apps easily>]>
>>> q.delete()

delete()之后， QuerySet需要清除缓存，并且引用的对象应该消失：

>>> print(q)
<QuerySet []>
>>> p1.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>]>