通过本文你将学到:
- Component Scan是什么?
- 为什么ComponentScan很重要?
- 项目中Spring Boot会对哪些包自动执行扫描(Component Scan)?
- 如何利用Spring Boot定义扫描范围?
- 项目启动时关于Component Scan的常见报错
@ComponentScan
如果你理解了ComponentScan,你就理解了Spring.
Spring是一个依赖注入(dependency injection)框架。所有的内容都是关于bean的定义及其依赖关系。
定义Spring Beans的第一步是使用正确的注解-@Component或@Service或@Repository.
但是,Spring不知道你定义了某个bean除非它知道从哪里可以找到这个bean.
ComponentScan做的事情就是告诉Spring从哪里找到bean
由你来定义哪些包需要被扫描。一旦你指定了,Spring将会将在被指定的包及其下级的包(sub packages)中寻找bean
下面分别介绍在Spring Boot项目和非Spring Boot项目(如简单的JSP/Servlet或者Spring MVC应用)中如何定义Component Scan
Spring Boot项目
总结:
- 如果你的其他包都在使用了@SpringBootApplication注解的main app所在的包及其下级包,则你什么都不用做,SpringBoot会自动帮你把其他包都扫描了
- 如果你有一些bean所在的包,不在main app的包及其下级包,那么你需要手动加上@ComponentScan注解并指定那个bean所在的包
举个栗子,看下面定义的类
package com.in28minutes.springboot.basics.springbootin10steps;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.ConfigurableApplicationContext;
@SpringBootApplication
public class SpringbootIn10StepsApplication {
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
ApplicationContext applicationContext <span class="token operator">=</span>
SpringApplication<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">run</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>SpringbootIn10StepsApplication<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token keyword">class</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>String name <span class="token operator">:</span> applicationContext<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getBeanDefinitionNames</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
}
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类 SpringbootIn10StepsApplication
在com.in28minutes.springboot.basics.springbootin10steps
包下,这个类使用了@SpringBootApplication
注解,该注解定义了Spring将自动扫描包com.in28minutes.springboot.basics.springbootin10steps
及其子包下的bean
如果你项目中所有的类都定义在上面的包及其子包下,那你不需要做任何事。
但假如你一个类定义在包com.in28minutes.springboot.somethingelse
下,则你需要将这个新包也纳入扫描的范围,有两个方案可以达到这个目的。
方案1
定义@ComponentScan(“com.in28minutes.springboot”)
这么做扫描的范围扩大到整个父包com.in28minutes.springboot
@ComponentScan(“com.in28minutes.springboot”)
@SpringBootApplication
public class SpringbootIn10StepsApplication {
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方案2
定义分别扫描两个包
@ComponentScan({“com.in28minutes.springboot.basics.springbootin10steps”,”com.in28minutes.springboot.somethingelse”})
@ComponentScan({"com.in28minutes.springboot.basics.springbootin10steps","com.in28minutes.springboot.somethingelse"})
@SpringBootApplication
public class SpringbootIn10StepsApplication {
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非Spring Boot项目
在非Spring Boot项目中,我们必须显式地使用@ComponentScan注解定义被扫描的包,可以通过XML文件在应用上下文中定义或在Java代码中对应用上下文定义
Java代码方式
@ComponentScan({"com.in28minutes.package1","com.in28minutes.package2"})
@Configuration
public class SpringConfiguration {
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XML文件方式
<context:component-scan base-package="com.in28minutes.package1, com.in28minutes.package2" />
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项目中常见关于Component Scan的报错
你是否在项目启动中遇到过类似这样的报错:
WARNING: No mapping found for HTTP request with URI [/spring-mvc/login] in DispatcherServlet with name ‘dispatcher’
WARNING: No mapping found for HTTP request with URI [/list-todos] in DispatcherServlet with name ‘dispatcher’
或者:
ERROR:No qualifying bean of type [com.in28minutes.springboot.jpa.UserRepository] found for dependency [com.in28minutes.springboot.jpa.UserRepository]: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)}…
报错的根因都是bean没有被Spring找到
遇到这些错误你应该检查:
- 你是否给类加了正确的注解@Controller,@Repository,@Service或@Component
- 你是否在应用上下文定义了Component Scan
- 报错类所在的包是否在Component Scan中指定的包的范围
@Component and @ComponentScan 的区别
@Component 和 @ComponentScan的使用目的不一样
- 在某个类上使用@Component注解,表明当需要创建类时,这个被注解的类是一个候选类。就像是举手。
- @ComponentScan 用于扫描指定包下的类。就像看都有哪些举手了。
原文链接
http://www.springboottutorial.com/spring-boot-and-component-scan