Ruby字符串处理函数_ruby 字符串包含-CSDN博客

Ruby字符串处理函数

1.返回字符串的长度

str.length => integer

2.判断字符串中是否包含另一个串

str.include? other_str   #true or false   
"hello".include? "lo"    #=> true   
"hello".include? "ol"    #=> false   
"hello".include? ?h      #=> true

3.字符串插入:

str.insert(index, other_str)      #str  
"abcd".insert(0, 'X') #=> "Xabcd"  
"abcd".insert(3, 'X') #=> "abcXd"  
"abcd".insert(4, 'X')  #=> "abcdX"  
"abcd".insert(-3, 'X') #=> "abXcd"  
"abcd".insert(-1, 'X') #=> "abcdX"

4.字符串分隔,默认分隔符为空格

str.split(pattern=$;, [limit]) #  anArray  
" now's the time".split  #=> ["now's", "the", "time"]  
"1, 2.34,56, 7".split(%r{,\s*})  #=> ["1", "2.34", "56", "7"]  
"hello".split(//)  #=> ["h", "e", "l", "l", "o"]  
"hello".split(//, 3)  #=> ["h", "e", "llo"]  
"hi mom".split(%r{\s*})  #=> ["h", "i", "m", "o", "m"]   
"mellow yellow".split("ello")  #=> ["m", "w y", "w"]  
"1,2,,3,4,,".split(',')  #=> ["1", "2", "", "3", "4"]  
"1,2,,3,4,,".split(',', 4)  #=> ["1", "2", "", "3,4,,"]

也可以指定切分符：

"apples, pears, and peaches".split(", ")      # ["apples", "pears", "and peaches"]
"lions and tigers and bears".split(/ and /)   # ["lions", "tigers", "bears"]

splite方法的第二个参数用来限制切分的返回结果个数，具体效果规则如下：
1.如果省略这个参数,则切分结果中末尾为null的结果将被压缩掉
2.如果是正数，则结果按照指定的限制数量进行切分，尾部的null结果也将会保留做为结果
3.如果是负数，则切分结果数量无限制，并且保留尾部的null结果。
例如：

str = "alpha,beta,gamma,,"
list1 = str.split(",")     # ["alpha","beta","gamma"]
list2 = str.split(",",2)   # ["alpha", "beta,gamma,,"]
list3 = str.split(",",4)   # ["alpha", "beta", "gamma", ","]
list4 = str.split(",",8)   # ["alpha", "beta", "gamma", "", ""]
list5 = str.split(",",-1)  # ["alpha", "beta", "gamma", "", ""]

5、格式化字符串

Ruby的字符串格式话沿用了C的格式，在C中可用于sprintf或printf的格式话字符在Ruby中同样适用：

name = "Bob"
age = 28
str = sprintf("Hi, %s... I see you're %d years old.", name, age)

String类有个%方法，可以方面的做格式化的工作，它接受任何类型的单个值或一个数组：

str = "%-20s  %3d" % [name,age]

上面这个和下面这个式子是等效的

str = sprintf("%-20s  %3d", name, age)

我们还可以使用ljust,rjust,center方法来格式化我们的字符串：

str = "Moby-Dick"
s1 = str.ljust(13)    #"Moby-Dick    "
s2 = str.center(13)     #"  Moby-Dick  "
s3 = str.rjust(13)    #"    Moby-Dick"

6、控制字符串的大小写

Ruby的String类提供了一组丰富的方法来控制大小写：

s = "Hello,World"
s1 = s.downcase    #"hello,world"
s2 = s.upcase     #"HELLO,WORLD"

capitalize方法把字符串第一个字符变大写，其余都是小写：

s3 = s.capitalize    #"Hello,world"

swapcase则是把字符串中的每个字符的大小写转换一下(原来大写的都小写，反之亦然)：

s = "HELLO,world"
s1 = s.swapcase     #"hello,WORLD"

这些方法都有相应的in-place方法

 (upcase!,downcase!,capitalize!,swapcase!)

虽然，Ruby没有提供内置的判断字符是否是大小写的方法，但是，这不是问题，我们可以通过正则表达式来完成这一点:

if string =~ /[a-z]/
  puts "string contains lowercase charcters"
end
if string =~ /[A-Z]/
  puts "string contains uppercase charcters"
end
if string =~ /[A-Z]/ and string =~ /a-z/
  puts "string contains mixed case"
end
if string[0..0] =~ /[A-Z]/
  puts "string starts with a capital letter"
end

字符串的子串

Ruby提供了多种访问操作字符串子串的方式，我们可以来看一下：

1.如果给出一组数字，则第一个数字代表取字符串的偏移位置，第二个数字表示

取的长度：

str = "Humpty Dumpty"
sub1 = str[7,4]         # "Dump"
sub2 = str[7,99]        # "Dumpty" (超过的长度按实际长度来取)
sub3 = str[10,-4]       # nil (长度为负数了)

记住，上面的形式，很多从别的语言转过来的ruby初学者会认为给出的两个数字是子串的开始和结束位置的偏移，这是错误的，务必记住。
给出的偏移是负数也是可以的,这样，位置将从字符串末尾开始计算：

    str1 = "Alice"
    sub1 = str1[-3,3]   # "ice"
    str2 = "Through the Looking-Glass"
    sub3 = str2[-13,4]  # "Look"

我们也可以给出一个Range来取子串：

    str = "Winston Churchill"
    sub1 = str[8..13]    # "Church"
    sub2 = str[-4..-1]   # "hill"
    sub3 = str[-1..-4]   # nil
    sub4 = str[25..30]   # nil

强大的是，正则表达式在这个时候也充分发挥着作用：

    str = "Alistair Cooke"
    sub1 = str[/l..t/]   # "list"
    sub2 = str[/s.*r/]   # "stair"
    sub3 = str[/foo/]    # nil

如果给出的是一个字符串，则如果目标字符串中含有这个给出的字符串，则返回这个给出的字符串，否则返回nil：

    str = "theater"
    sub1 = str["heat"]  # "heat"
    sub2 = str["eat"]   # "eat"
    sub3 = str["ate"]   # "ate"
    sub4 = str["beat"]  # nil
    sub5 = str["cheat"] # nil

如果给出的是一个数字，则返回的是该数字对应索引处字符的ASCII码：

    str = "Aaron Burr"
    ch1 = str[0]     # 65
    ch1 = str[1]     # 97
    ch3 = str[99]    # nil

同样，我们不仅可以通过上面的方式访问子串，还可以来向字符串设置内容：

str1 = "Humpty Dumpty"
str1[7,4] = "Moriar"     # "Humpty Moriarty"
str2 = "Alice"
str2[-3,3] = "exandra"   # "Alexandra"
str3 = "Through the Looking-Glass"
str3[-13,13]  = "Mirror" # "Through the Mirror"
str4 = "Winston Churchill"
str4[8..13] = "H"        # "Winston Hill"
str5 = "Alistair Cooke"
str5[/e$/] ="ie Monster" # "Alistair Cookie Monster"
str6 = "theater"
str6["er"] = "re"        # "theatre"
str7 = "Aaron Burr"
str7[0] = 66             # "Baron Burr"