数据结构与算法：常见的排序算法

一、排序算法

排序算法是一种能将一串数据依照特定顺序进行排列的一种算法
默认使用升序

1.1 排序算法的稳定性

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1.2 常见的排序算法

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1.2.1 冒泡排序

按照遇到两个相同的数据不进行处理为前提，冒泡排序是稳定的

eg:

第一种：

import random

def bubble_sort(alist):

“”“冒泡排序”“”

n = len(alist)

for j in range(n-1):

for i in range(n-1-j):

if alist[i] > alist[i+1]:

alist[i], alist[i+1] = alist[i+1], alist[i]

if name == ‘main’:

my_list = []

for k in range(10):

res = random.randint(10, 60)

my_list.append(res)

print(“排序前：”, my_list)

bubble_sort(my_list)

print(“升序后：”, my_list)

第二种：改进

import random

def bubble_sort(alist):

“”“冒泡排序”“”

n = len(alist)

for j in range(n-1):

count = 0

for i in range(n-1-j):

if alist[i] > alist[i+1]:

alist[i], alist[i+1] = alist[i+1], alist[i]

count += 1

if 0  count:

break

if name  ‘main’:

my_list = []

for k in range(10):

res = random.randint(10, 60)

my_list.append(res)

print(“排序前：”, my_list)

bubble_sort(my_list)

print(“升序后：”, my_list)

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1.2.2 选择排序

选择排序处理有序和无序的一串数据是一样的，所以最优和最差时间复杂度一样

每次选择最小值时，选择排序是稳定的

eg:

import random
def select_sort(alist):
    """选择排序"""
    min_index = alist[0]
    n = len(alist)
    for j in range(n-1):
        min_index = j
        for i in range(j+1, n):
            if alist[i] < alist[min_index]:
                min_index = i
        if j != min_index:
            alist[j], alist[min_index] = alist[min_index], alist[j]
if __name__ == '__main__':
    my_list = []
    for k in range(10):
        res = random.randint(10, 60)
        my_list.append(res)
    print("排序前：", my_list)
    select_sort(my_list)
    print("升序后：", my_list)

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1.2.3 插入排序

最坏的情况是处理降序的一串数据
最好的情况是处理升序的一串数据

eg:

import random
def insert_sort(alist):
    """插入排序"""
    n = len(alist)
    for j in range(1, n):
        for i in range(j, 0, -1):
            if alist[i] < alist[i-1]:
                alist[i], alist[i-1] = alist[i-1], alist[i]
            else:
                break
if __name__ == '__main__':
    my_list = []
    for k in range(10):
        res = random.randint(10, 60)
        my_list.append(res)
    print("排序前：", my_list)
    insert_sort(my_list)
    print("升序后：", my_list)

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1.2.4 希尔排序

对插入排序的改进

间隔gap为4、2、1
gap=1就是插入排序

eg:

import random
def shell_sort(alist):
    """希尔排序"""
    n = len(alist)
    gap = n // 2
    while gap >= 1:
        for j in range(gap, n):
            i = j
            while (i-gap) >= 0:
                if alist[i] < alist[i-gap]:
                    alist[i], alist[i-gap] = alist[i-gap], alist[i]
                    i -= gap
                else:
                    break
        gap //= 2
if __name__ == '__main__':
    my_list = []
    for k in range(10):
        res = random.randint(10, 60)
        my_list.append(res)
    print("排序前：", my_list)
    shell_sort(my_list)
    print("升序后：", my_list)

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1.2.5 快速排序重要

eg:

import random
def quick_sort(alist, start, end):
    """快速排序"""
    if start >= end:
        return
    mid = alist[start]
    left = start
    right = end
    while left < right:
        while left < right and alist[right] >= mid:
            right -= 1
        alist[left] = alist[right]
        while left < right and alist[left] < mid:
            left += 1
        alist[right] = alist[left]
    alist[left] = mid
    quick_sort(alist, start, left-1)
    quick_sort(alist, left+1, end)
if __name__ == '__main__':
    my_list = []
    for k in range(10):
        res = random.randint(10, 60)
        my_list.append(res)
    print("排序前：", my_list)
    quick_sort(my_list, 0, len(my_list)-1)
    print("升序后：", my_list)

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1.2.6 归并排序

eg:

import random
def merge_sort(alist):
    """归并排序"""
    n = len(alist)
    if 1 == n:
        return alist
    mid = n // 2
    # 对左半部分进行归并排序
    left_sorted_list = merge_sort(alist[:mid])
    # 对右半部分进行归并排序
    right_sorted_list = merge_sort(alist[mid:])
    # 合并两个有序集合
    left, right = 0, 0
    merge_sorted_list = []
    left_n = len(left_sorted_list)
    right_n = len(right_sorted_list)
    while left < left_n and right < right_n:
        if left_sorted_list[left] <= right_sorted_list[right]:
            merge_sorted_list.append(left_sorted_list[left])
            left += 1
        else:
            merge_sorted_list.append(right_sorted_list[right])
            right += 1
    merge_sorted_list += left_sorted_list[left:]
    merge_sorted_list += right_sorted_list[right:]
    return merge_sorted_list
if __name__ == '__main__':
    my_list = []
    for k in range(10):
        res = random.randint(10, 60)
        my_list.append(res)
    print("排序前：", my_list)
    res = merge_sort(my_list)
    print("升序后：", my_list)
    print("升序后：", res)

原序列并未改变，而是返回了一个新的序列