【设计模式】4.行为型模式

来源图书：图说设计模式

行为型模式

行为型模式(Behavioral Pattern)是对在不同的对象之间划分责任和算法的抽象化。

行为型模式不仅仅关注类和对象的结构，而且重点关注它们之间的相互作用。

通过行为型模式，可以更加清晰地划分类与对象的职责，并研究系统在运行时实例对象 之间的交互。在系统运行时，对象并不是孤立的，它们可以通过相互通信与协作完成某些复杂功能，一个对象在运行时也将影响到其他对象的运行。

行为型模式分为类行为型模式和对象行为型模式两种：

• 类行为型模式：类的行为型模式使用继承关系在几个类之间分配行为，类行为型模式主要通过多态等方式来分配父类与子类的职责。
• 对象行为型模式：对象的行为型模式则使用对象的聚合关联关系来分配行为，对象行为型模式主要是通过对象关联等方式来分配两个或多个类的职责。根据“合成复用原则”，系统中要尽量使用关联关系来取代继承关系，因此大部分行为型设计模式都属于对象行为型设计模式。

1. 命令模式

1.1 定义

命令模式(Command Pattern)：将一个请求封装为一个对象，从而使我们可用不同的请求对客户进行参数化；对请求排队或者记录请求日志，以及支持可撤销的操作。命令模式是一种对象行为型模式，其别名为动作(Action)模式或事务(Transaction)模式。

1.2 结构

• Command: 抽象命令类
• ConcreteCommand: 具体命令类
• Invoker: 调用者
• Receiver: 接收者
• Client:客户类

1.3 时序图

1.4 代码

#include <iostream>
#include "ConcreteCommand.h"
#include "Invoker.h"
#include "Receiver.h"

using namespace std;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    Receiver * pReceiver = new Receiver();
    ConcreteCommand * pCommand = new ConcreteCommand(pReceiver);
    Invoker * pInvoker = new Invoker(pCommand);
    pInvoker->call();

    delete pReceiver;
    delete pCommand;
    delete pInvoker;
    return 0;
}

///
//  Receiver.h
//  Implementation of the Class Receiver
//  Created on:      07-十月-2014 17:44:02
//  Original author: colin
///

#if !defined(EA_8E5430BB_0904_4a7d_9A3B_7169586237C8__INCLUDED_)
#define EA_8E5430BB_0904_4a7d_9A3B_7169586237C8__INCLUDED_

class Receiver
{

public:
    Receiver();
    virtual ~Receiver();

    void action();

};
#endif // !defined(EA_8E5430BB_0904_4a7d_9A3B_7169586237C8__INCLUDED_)

///
//  Receiver.cpp
//  Implementation of the Class Receiver
//  Created on:      07-十月-2014 17:44:02
//  Original author: colin
///

#include "Receiver.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

Receiver::Receiver(){
}

Receiver::~Receiver(){
}

void Receiver::action(){
    cout << "receiver action." << endl;
}

///
//  ConcreteCommand.h
//  Implementation of the Class ConcreteCommand
//  Created on:      07-十月-2014 17:44:01
//  Original author: colin
///

#if !defined(EA_1AE70D53_4868_4e81_A1B8_1088DA355C23__INCLUDED_)
#define EA_1AE70D53_4868_4e81_A1B8_1088DA355C23__INCLUDED_

#include "Command.h"
#include "Receiver.h"

class ConcreteCommand : public Command
{
public:
    ConcreteCommand(Receiver * pReceiver);
    virtual ~ConcreteCommand();
    virtual void execute();
private:
    Receiver *m_pReceiver;
};
#endif // !defined(EA_1AE70D53_4868_4e81_A1B8_1088DA355C23__INCLUDED_)

///
//  ConcreteCommand.cpp
//  Implementation of the Class ConcreteCommand
//  Created on:      07-十月-2014 17:44:02
//  Original author: colin
///

#include "ConcreteCommand.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

ConcreteCommand::ConcreteCommand(Receiver *pReceiver){
    m_pReceiver = pReceiver;
}

ConcreteCommand::~ConcreteCommand(){
}

void ConcreteCommand::execute(){
    cout << "ConcreteCommand::execute"  << endl;
    m_pReceiver->action();
}

///
//  Invoker.h
//  Implementation of the Class Invoker
//  Created on:      07-十月-2014 17:44:02
//  Original author: colin
///

#if !defined(EA_3DACB62A_0813_4d11_8A82_10BF1FB00D9A__INCLUDED_)
#define EA_3DACB62A_0813_4d11_8A82_10BF1FB00D9A__INCLUDED_

#include "Command.h"

class Invoker
{
public:
    Invoker(Command * pCommand);
    virtual ~Invoker();
    void call();

private:
    Command *m_pCommand;
};
#endif // !defined(EA_3DACB62A_0813_4d11_8A82_10BF1FB00D9A__INCLUDED_)

///
//  Invoker.cpp
//  Implementation of the Class Invoker
//  Created on:      07-十月-2014 17:44:02
//  Original author: colin
///

#include "Invoker.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

Invoker::Invoker(Command * pCommand){
    m_pCommand = pCommand;
}

Invoker::~Invoker(){
}

void Invoker::call(){
    cout << "invoker calling" << endl;
    m_pCommand->execute();
}

• 运行结果

1.5 适用环境

• 系统需要将请求调用者和请求接收者解耦，使得调用者和接收者不直接交互。
• 系统需要在不同的时间指定请求、将请求排队和执行请求。
• 系统需要支持命令的撤销(Undo)操作和恢复(Redo)操作。
• 系统需要将一组操作组合在一起，即支持宏命令。

2. 中介者模式

2.1 定义

中介者模式(Mediator Pattern)定义：用一个中介对象来封装一系列的对象交互，中介者使各对象不需要显式地相互引用，从而使其耦合松散，而且可以独立地改变它们之间的交互。中介者模式又称为调停者模式，它是一种对象行为型模式。

2.2 结构

• Mediator: 抽象中介者
• ConcreteMediator: 具体中介者
• Colleague: 抽象同事类
• ConcreteColleague: 具体同事类

2.3 时序图

2.4 代码

#include <iostream>
#include "ConcreteColleagueA.h"
#include "ConcreteMediator.h"
#include "ConcreteColleagueB.h"

using namespace std;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    ConcreteColleagueA * pa = new ConcreteColleagueA();
    ConcreteColleagueB * pb = new ConcreteColleagueB();
    ConcreteMediator * pm = new ConcreteMediator();
    pm->registered(1,pa);
    pm->registered(2,pb);

    // sendmsg from a to b
    pa->sendmsg(2,"hello,i am a");
    // sendmsg from b to a
    pb->sendmsg(1,"hello,i am b");

    delete pa,pb,pm;
    return 0;
}

///
//  ConcreteMediator.h
//  Implementation of the Class ConcreteMediator
//  Created on:      07-十月-2014 21:30:47
//  Original author: colin
///

#if !defined(EA_8CECE546_61DD_456f_A3E7_D98BC078D8E8__INCLUDED_)
#define EA_8CECE546_61DD_456f_A3E7_D98BC078D8E8__INCLUDED_

#include "ConcreteColleagueB.h"
#include "Mediator.h"
#include "ConcreteColleagueA.h"
#include <map>
using namespace std;
class ConcreteMediator : public Mediator
{

public:
    ConcreteMediator();
    virtual ~ConcreteMediator();

    virtual void operation(int nWho,string str);
    virtual void registered(int nWho, Colleague * aColleague);
private:
    map<int,Colleague*> m_mpColleague;
};
#endif // !defined(EA_8CECE546_61DD_456f_A3E7_D98BC078D8E8__INCLUDED_)

///
//  ConcreteMediator.cpp
//  Implementation of the Class ConcreteMediator
//  Created on:      07-十月-2014 21:30:48
//  Original author: colin
///

#include "ConcreteMediator.h"
#include <map>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

ConcreteMediator::ConcreteMediator(){

}

ConcreteMediator::~ConcreteMediator(){

}

void ConcreteMediator::operation(int nWho,string str){
    map<int,Colleague*>::const_iterator itr = m_mpColleague.find(nWho);
    if(itr == m_mpColleague.end())
    {
        cout << "not found this colleague!" << endl;
        return;
    }

    Colleague* pc = itr->second;
    pc->receivemsg(str);
}


void ConcreteMediator::registered(int nWho,Colleague * aColleague){
    map<int,Colleague*>::const_iterator itr = m_mpColleague.find(nWho);
    if(itr == m_mpColleague.end())
    {
        m_mpColleague.insert(make_pair(nWho,aColleague));
        //同时将中介类暴露给colleague 
        aColleague->setMediator(this);
    }
}

///
//  ConcreteColleagueA.h
//  Implementation of the Class ConcreteColleagueA
//  Created on:      07-十月-2014 21:30:47
//  Original author: colin
///

#if !defined(EA_79979DD4_1E73_46db_A635_E3F516ACCE0A__INCLUDED_)
#define EA_79979DD4_1E73_46db_A635_E3F516ACCE0A__INCLUDED_

#include "Colleague.h"

class ConcreteColleagueA : public Colleague
{

public:
    ConcreteColleagueA();
    virtual ~ConcreteColleagueA();

    virtual void sendmsg(int toWho,string str);
    virtual void receivemsg(string str);

};
#endif // !defined(EA_79979DD4_1E73_46db_A635_E3F516ACCE0A__INCLUDED_)

///
//  ConcreteColleagueA.cpp
//  Implementation of the Class ConcreteColleagueA
//  Created on:      07-十月-2014 21:30:47
//  Original author: colin
///

#include "ConcreteColleagueA.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

ConcreteColleagueA::ConcreteColleagueA(){
}

ConcreteColleagueA::~ConcreteColleagueA(){
}

void ConcreteColleagueA::sendmsg(int toWho,string str){
    cout << "send msg from colleagueA,to:" << toWho << endl;
    m_pMediator->operation(toWho,str);
}

void ConcreteColleagueA::receivemsg(string str){
    cout << "ConcreteColleagueA reveivemsg:" << str <<endl;
}

• 运行结果

2.5 适用环境

• 系统中对象之间存在复杂的引用关系，产生的相互依赖关系结构混乱且难以理解。
• 一个对象由于引用了其他很多对象并且直接和这些对象通信，导致难以复用该对象。
• 想通过一个中间类来封装多个类中的行为，而又不想生成太多的子类。可以通过引入中介者类来实现，在中介者中定义对象。
• 交互的公共行为，如果需要改变行为则可以增加新的中介者类。

3. 观察者模式

3.1 定义

观察者模式(Observer Pattern)：定义对象间的一种一对多依赖关系，使得每当一个对象状态发生改变时，其相关依赖对象皆得到通知并被自动更新。观察者模式又叫做发布-订阅（Publish/Subscribe）模式、模型-视图（Model/View）模式、源-监听器（Source/Listener）模式或从属者（Dependents）模式。

3.2 结构

• Subject: 目标
• ConcreteSubject: 具体目标
• Observer: 观察者
• ConcreteObserver: 具体观察者

3.3 时序图

3.4 代码

#include <iostream>
#include "Subject.h"
#include "Obeserver.h"
#include "ConcreteObeserver.h"
#include "ConcreteSubject.h"

using namespace std;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    Subject * subject = new ConcreteSubject();
    Obeserver * objA = new ConcreteObeserver("A");
    Obeserver * objB = new ConcreteObeserver("B");
    subject->attach(objA);
    subject->attach(objB);

    subject->setState(1);
    subject->notify();

    cout << "--------------------" << endl;
    subject->detach(objB);
    subject->setState(2);
    subject->notify();

    delete subject;
    delete objA;
    delete objB;

    return 0;
}

///
//  Subject.h
//  Implementation of the Class Subject
//  Created on:      07-十月-2014 23:00:10
//  Original author: cl
///

#if !defined(EA_61998456_1B61_49f4_B3EA_9D28EEBC9649__INCLUDED_)
#define EA_61998456_1B61_49f4_B3EA_9D28EEBC9649__INCLUDED_

#include "Obeserver.h"
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

class Subject
{

public:
    Subject();
    virtual ~Subject();
    Obeserver *m_Obeserver;

    void attach(Obeserver * pObeserver);
    void detach(Obeserver * pObeserver);
    void notify();

    virtual int getState() = 0;
    virtual void setState(int i)= 0;

private:
    vector<Obeserver*> m_vtObj;

};
#endif // !defined(EA_61998456_1B61_49f4_B3EA_9D28EEBC9649__INCLUDED_)

///
//  Subject.cpp
//  Implementation of the Class Subject
//  Created on:      07-十月-2014 23:00:10
//  Original author: cl
///

#include "Subject.h"

Subject::Subject(){

}

Subject::~Subject(){

}

void Subject::attach(Obeserver * pObeserver){
    m_vtObj.push_back(pObeserver);
}

void Subject::detach(Obeserver * pObeserver){
    for(vector<Obeserver*>::iterator itr = m_vtObj.begin();
        itr != m_vtObj.end(); itr++)
    {
        if(*itr == pObeserver)
        {
            m_vtObj.erase(itr);
            return;
        }           
    }
}

void Subject::notify(){
    for(vector<Obeserver*>::iterator itr = m_vtObj.begin();
        itr != m_vtObj.end();
        itr++)
    {   
        (*itr)->update(this);       
    }
}

///
//  Obeserver.h
//  Implementation of the Class Obeserver
//  Created on:      07-十月-2014 23:00:10
//  Original author: cl
///

#if !defined(EA_2C7362B2_0B22_4168_8690_F9C7B76C343F__INCLUDED_)
#define EA_2C7362B2_0B22_4168_8690_F9C7B76C343F__INCLUDED_

class Subject;

class Obeserver
{

public:
    Obeserver();
    virtual ~Obeserver();
    virtual void update(Subject * sub) = 0;
};
#endif // !defined(EA_2C7362B2_0B22_4168_8690_F9C7B76C343F__INCLUDED_)

///
//  ConcreteObeserver.h
//  Implementation of the Class ConcreteObeserver
//  Created on:      07-十月-2014 23:00:09
//  Original author: cl
///

#if !defined(EA_7B020534_BFEA_4c9e_8E4C_34DCE001E9B1__INCLUDED_)
#define EA_7B020534_BFEA_4c9e_8E4C_34DCE001E9B1__INCLUDED_
#include "Obeserver.h"
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class ConcreteObeserver : public Obeserver
{

public:
    ConcreteObeserver(string name);
    virtual ~ConcreteObeserver();
    virtual void update(Subject * sub);

private:
    string m_objName;
    int m_obeserverState;
};
#endif // !defined(EA_7B020534_BFEA_4c9e_8E4C_34DCE001E9B1__INCLUDED_)

///
//  ConcreteObeserver.cpp
//  Implementation of the Class ConcreteObeserver
//  Created on:      07-十月-2014 23:00:09
//  Original author: cl
///

#include "ConcreteObeserver.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include "Subject.h"
using namespace std;

ConcreteObeserver::ConcreteObeserver(string name){
    m_objName = name;
}

ConcreteObeserver::~ConcreteObeserver(){

}

void ConcreteObeserver::update(Subject * sub){
    m_obeserverState = sub->getState();
    cout << "update oberserver[" << m_objName << "] state:" << m_obeserverState << endl;
}

• 运行结果

3.5 适用环境

• 一个抽象模型有两个方面，其中一个方面依赖于另一个方面。将这些方面封装在独立的对象中使它们可以各自独立地改变和复用。
• 一个对象的改变将导致其他一个或多个对象也发生改变，而不知道具体有多少对象将发生改变，可以降低对象之间的耦合度。
• 一个对象必须通知其他对象，而并不知道这些对象是谁。
• 需要在系统中创建一个触发链，A对象的行为将影响B对象，B对象的行为将影响C对象……，可以使用观察者模式创建一种链式触发机制。

4. 状态模式

4.1 定义

状态模式(State Pattern) ：允许一个对象在其内部状态改变时改变它的行为，对象看起来似乎修改了它的类。其别名为状态对象(Objects for States)，状态模式是一种对象行为型模式。

4.2 结构

• Context: 环境类
• State: 抽象状态类
• ConcreteState: 具体状态类

4.3 时序图

4.4 代码

#include <iostream>
#include "Context.h"
#include "ConcreteStateA.h"
#include "ConcreteStateB.h"

using namespace std;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    char a = '0';
    if('0' == a)
        cout << "yes" << endl;
    else
        cout << "no" << endl;

    Context * c = new Context();
    c->request();
    c->request();
    c->request();

    delete c;
    return 0;
}

///
//  Context.h
//  Implementation of the Class Context
//  Created on:      09-十月-2014 17:20:59
//  Original author: colin
///

#if !defined(EA_F245CF81_2A68_4461_B039_2B901BD5A126__INCLUDED_)
#define EA_F245CF81_2A68_4461_B039_2B901BD5A126__INCLUDED_

#include "State.h"

class Context
{

public:
    Context();
    virtual ~Context();

    void changeState(State * st);
    void request();

private:
    State *m_pState;
};
#endif // !defined(EA_F245CF81_2A68_4461_B039_2B901BD5A126__INCLUDED_)

///
//  Context.cpp
//  Implementation of the Class Context
//  Created on:      09-十月-2014 17:20:59
//  Original author: colin
///

#include "Context.h"
#include "ConcreteStateA.h"

Context::Context(){
    //default is a
    m_pState = ConcreteStateA::Instance();
}

Context::~Context(){
}

void Context::changeState(State * st){
    m_pState = st;
}

void Context::request(){
    m_pState->handle(this);
}

///
//  ConcreteStateA.h
//  Implementation of the Class ConcreteStateA
//  Created on:      09-十月-2014 17:20:58
//  Original author: colin
///

#if !defined(EA_84158F08_E96A_4bdb_89A1_4BE2E633C3EE__INCLUDED_)
#define EA_84158F08_E96A_4bdb_89A1_4BE2E633C3EE__INCLUDED_

#include "State.h"

class ConcreteStateA : public State
{

public:
    virtual ~ConcreteStateA();

    static State * Instance();

    virtual void handle(Context * c);

private:
    ConcreteStateA();
    static State * m_pState;
};
#endif // !defined(EA_84158F08_E96A_4bdb_89A1_4BE2E633C3EE__INCLUDED_)

///
//  ConcreteStateA.cpp
//  Implementation of the Class ConcreteStateA
//  Created on:      09-十月-2014 17:20:58
//  Original author: colin
///

#include "ConcreteStateA.h"
#include "ConcreteStateB.h"
#include "Context.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

State * ConcreteStateA::m_pState = NULL;
ConcreteStateA::ConcreteStateA(){
}

ConcreteStateA::~ConcreteStateA(){
}

State * ConcreteStateA::Instance()
{
    if ( NULL == m_pState)
    {
        m_pState = new ConcreteStateA();
    }
    return m_pState;
}

void ConcreteStateA::handle(Context * c){
    cout << "doing something in State A.\n done,change state to B" << endl;
    c->changeState(ConcreteStateB::Instance());
}

• 运行结果

4.5 适用环境

• 对象的行为依赖于它的状态（属性）并且可以根据它的状态改变而改变它的相关行为。
• 代码中包含大量与对象状态有关的条件语句，这些条件语句的出现，会导致代码的可维护性和灵活性变差，不能方便地增加和删除状态，使客户类与类库之间的耦合增强。在这些条件语句中包含了对象的行为，而且这些条件对应于对象的各种状态。

5. 策略模式

5.1 定义

策略模式(Strategy Pattern)：定义一系列算法，将每一个算法封装起来，并让它们可以相互替换。策略模式让算法独立于使用它的客户而变化，也称为政策模式(Policy)。

5.2 结构

• Context: 环境类
• Strategy: 抽象策略类
• ConcreteStrategy: 具体策略类

5.3 时序图

5.4 代码

#include <iostream>
#include "Context.h"
#include "ConcreteStrategyA.h"
#include "ConcreteStrategyB.h"
#include "Strategy.h"
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    Strategy * s1 = new ConcreteStrategyA();
    Context * cxt = new Context();
    cxt->setStrategy(s1);
    cxt->algorithm();

    Strategy *s2 = new ConcreteStrategyB();
    cxt->setStrategy(s2);
    cxt->algorithm();

    delete s1;
    delete s2;

    int rac1 = 0x1;
    int rac2 = 0x2;
    int rac3 = 0x4;
    int rac4 = 0x8;

    int i = 0xe;
    int j = 0x5;

    int r1 = i & rac1;
    int r2 = i & rac2;
    int r3 = i & rac3;
    int r4 = i & rac4;

    cout <<"res:" << r1 << "/" << r2 << "/" << r3 << "/" << r4 << endl;

    return 0;
}

///
//  Context.h
//  Implementation of the Class Context
//  Created on:      09-十月-2014 22:21:07
//  Original author: colin
///

#if !defined(EA_0DA87730_4DEE_4392_9BAF_4AC64A8A07A4__INCLUDED_)
#define EA_0DA87730_4DEE_4392_9BAF_4AC64A8A07A4__INCLUDED_

#include "Strategy.h"

class Context
{

public:
    Context();
    virtual ~Context();


    void algorithm();
    void setStrategy(Strategy* st);

private:
    Strategy *m_pStrategy;

};
#endif // !defined(EA_0DA87730_4DEE_4392_9BAF_4AC64A8A07A4__INCLUDED_)

///
//  Context.cpp
//  Implementation of the Class Context
//  Created on:      09-十月-2014 22:21:07
//  Original author: colin
///

#include "Context.h"

Context::Context(){
}

Context::~Context(){
}

void Context::algorithm(){
    m_pStrategy->algorithm();
}

void Context::setStrategy(Strategy* st){
    m_pStrategy = st;
}

///
//  ConcreteStrategyA.h
//  Implementation of the Class ConcreteStrategyA
//  Created on:      09-十月-2014 22:21:06
//  Original author: colin
///

#if !defined(EA_9B180F12_677B_4e9b_A243_1F5DAD93FE1D__INCLUDED_)
#define EA_9B180F12_677B_4e9b_A243_1F5DAD93FE1D__INCLUDED_

#include "Strategy.h"

class ConcreteStrategyA : public Strategy
{

public:
    ConcreteStrategyA();
    virtual ~ConcreteStrategyA();

    virtual void algorithm();

};
#endif // !defined(EA_9B180F12_677B_4e9b_A243_1F5DAD93FE1D__INCLUDED_)

///
//  ConcreteStrategyA.cpp
//  Implementation of the Class ConcreteStrategyA
//  Created on:      09-十月-2014 22:21:07
//  Original author: colin
///

#include "ConcreteStrategyA.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

ConcreteStrategyA::ConcreteStrategyA(){

}

ConcreteStrategyA::~ConcreteStrategyA(){

}

void ConcreteStrategyA::algorithm(){
    cout << "use algorithm A" << endl;
}

• 运行结果

5.5 适用环境

• 如果在一个系统里面有许多类，它们之间的区别仅在于它们的行为，那么使用策略模式可以动态地让一个对象在许多行为中选择一种行为。
• 一个系统需要动态地在几种算法中选择一种。
• 如果一个对象有很多的行为，如果不用恰当的模式，这些行为就只好使用多重的条件选择语句来实现。
• 不希望客户端知道复杂的、与算法相关的数据结构，在具体策略类中封装算法和相关的数据结构，提高算法的保密性与安全性。