第一天
从今天开始从0学习有限元方法, 由于记纸质笔记太麻烦, 字也比较丑, 无法静下心来, 因此选择在博客上记录笔记, 每天能看多少记录多少, 虽然速度可能会慢一点, 但希望能够静下心来, 坚持学习.
参考资料
Brenner S, Scott R. The mathematical theory of finite element methods[M]. Springer Science & Business Media, 2007.
(0.1 节)
弱形式
考虑边值问题:
{ − d 2 u d x 2 = f ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) u ( 0 ) = 0 , u ′ ( 1 ) = 0 . \begin{cases} -\dfrac{d^{2}u}{dx^{2}} = f \in (0, 1) \\ u(0) = 0, \ u^{'}(1) = 0 \end{cases}. ⎩⎨⎧−dx2d2u=f∈(0,1)u(0)=0, u′(1)=0.
定义函数空间:
V = H ⋄ 1 ( 0 , 1 ) = { u ∈ H 1 ( 0 , 1 ) ∣ u ( 0 ) = 0 } . V = H^{1}_{\diamond}(0, 1) = \left\lbrace \left. u \in H^{1}(0, 1) \right| u(0) = 0 \right\rbrace. V=H⋄1(0,1)={
u∈H1(0,1)∣∣u(0)=0}.
下面假设需要在空间 V V V 上找解 u u u ,将上面两边同事乘以 v ∈ V v \in V v∈V 并且进行分部积分, 得到如下弱问题:
find u ∈ V s . t . , a ( u , v ) = ( f , v ) ∀ v ∈ V . ( WP ) \text{find} \ u \in V \ s.t., \ a(u, v) = (f, v) \ \forall v \in V. \ \color{red}{(\text{WP}}) find u∈V s.t., a(u,v)=(f,v) ∀v∈V. (WP)
其中
a ( u , v ) = ∫ 0 1 u ′ ( x ) v ′ ( x ) d x , ( f , v ) = ∫ 0 1 f ( x ) v ( x ) d x . a(u, v) = \int_{0}^{1}u'(x)v'(x)dx, \\ (f,v) = \int_{0}^{1} f(x)v(x) dx. a(u,v)=∫01u′(x)v′(x)dx,(f,v)=∫01f(x)v(x)dx.
下面给出以下定理:
定理: 假设在问题 ( WP ) \color{red}{(\text{WP})} (WP)中有 f ∈ C 0 ( [ 0 , 1 ] ) f \in C^{0}([0, 1]) f∈C0([0,1]) 以及 u ∈ C 2 ( [ 0 , 1 ] ) u \in C^{2}([0, 1]) u∈C2([0,1])则, u u u 是原来边值问题的解.
证明:
设 v ∈ V ∩ C 1 ( [ 0 , 1 ] ) v \in V \cap C^{1}([0, 1]) v∈V∩C1([0,1])(为了保证能够在连续意义下进行分部积分.), 对问题 ( WP ) \color{red}{(\text{WP})} (WP)进行分部积分, 得:
( f , v ) = a ( u , v ) = ∫ 0 1 − u ′ ′ v d x + u ′ ( 1 ) v ( 1 ) . (f, v) = a(u, v) = \int_{0}^{1} - u^{''}v dx + u^{'}(1)v(1). (f,v)=a(u,v)=∫01−u′′vdx+u′(1)v(1).
代入右端边界条件, 移项得到:
( f + u ′ ′ , v ) = 0 , ∀ v ∈ V ∩ C 1 ( [ 0 , 1 ] ) & v ( 1 ) = 0. (f + u^{''}, v) = 0, \ \forall \ v \in V \cap C^{1}\left([0, 1]\right) \& v(1) = 0. (f+u′′,v)=0, ∀ v∈V∩C1([0,1])&v(1)=0.
下面证明 w = f + u