交换变量
- x = 6
- y = 5
- x, y = y, x
- print x
- >>> 5
- print y
- >>> 6
- print "Hello" if True else "World"
- >>> Hello
连接 下面的最后一种方式在绑定两个不同类型的对象时显得很cool。
- nfc = ["Packers", "49ers"]
- afc = ["Ravens", "Patriots"]
- print nfc + afc
- >>> ['Packers', '49ers', 'Ravens', 'Patriots']
- print str(1) + " world"
- >>> 1 world
- print `1` + " world"
- >>> 1 world
- print 1, "world"
- >>> 1 world
- print nfc, 1
- >>> ['Packers', '49ers'] 1
- #除后向下取整
- print 5.0//2
- >>> 2
- # 2的5次方
- print 2**5
- >> 32
- print .3/.1
- >>> 2.9999999999999996
- print .3//.1
- >>> 2.0
- x = 2
- if 3 > x > 1:
- print x
- >>> 2
- if 1 < x > 0:
- print x
- >>> 2
- nfc = ["Packers", "49ers"]
- afc = ["Ravens", "Patriots"]
- for teama, teamb in zip(nfc, afc):
- print teama + " vs. " + teamb
- >>> Packers vs. Ravens
- >>> 49ers vs. Patriots
- teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"]
- for index, team in enumerate(teams):
- print index, team
- >>> 0 Packers
- >>> 1 49ers
- >>> 2 Ravens
- >>> 3 Patriots
- numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
- even = []
- for number in numbers:
- if number%2 == 0:
- even.append(number)
- numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
- even = [number for number in numbers if number%2 == 0]
- teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"]
- print {key: value for value, key in enumerate(teams)}
- >>> {'49ers': 1, 'Ravens': 2, 'Patriots': 3, 'Packers': 0}
- items = [0]*3
- print items
- >>> [0,0,0]
- teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"]
- print ", ".join(teams)
- >>> 'Packers, 49ers, Ravens, Patriots'
我承认try/except代码并不雅致,不过这里有一种简单方法,尝试在字典中查找key,如果没有找到对应的alue将用第二个参数设为其变量值。
- data = {'user': 1, 'name': 'Max', 'three': 4}
- try:
- is_admin = data['admin']
- except KeyError:
- is_admin = False
- data = {'user': 1, 'name': 'Max', 'three': 4}
- is_admin = data.get('admin', False)
- x = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
- #前3个
- print x[:3]
- >>> [1,2,3]
- #中间4个
- print x[1:5]
- >>> [2,3,4,5]
- #最后3个
- print x[3:]
- >>> [4,5,6]
- #奇数项
- print x[::2]
- >>> [1,3,5]
- #偶数项
- print x[1::2]
- >>> [2,4,6]
前段时间Jeff Atwood 推广了一个简单的编程练习叫FizzBuzz,问题引用如下:
写一个程序,打印数字1到100,3的倍数打印“Fizz”来替换这个数,5的倍数打印“Buzz”,对于既是3的倍数又是5的倍数的数字打印“FizzBuzz”。这里就是一个简短的,有意思的方法解决这个问题:
- for x in range(101):print"fizz"[x%3*4::]+"buzz"[x%5*4::]or x
除了python内置的数据类型外,在collection模块同样还包括一些特别的用例,在有些场合Counter非常实用。如果你参加过在这一年的Facebook HackerCup,你甚至也能找到他的实用之处。
- from collections import Counter
- print Counter("hello")
- >>> Counter({'l': 2, 'h': 1, 'e': 1, 'o': 1})
和collections库一样,还有一个库叫itertools,对某些问题真能高效地解决。其中一个用例是查找所有组合,他能告诉你在一个组中元素的所有不能的组合方式
- from itertools import combinations
- teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"]
- for game in combinations(teams, 2):
- print game
- >>> ('Packers', '49ers')
- >>> ('Packers', 'Ravens')
- >>> ('Packers', 'Patriots')
- >>> ('49ers', 'Ravens')
- >>> ('49ers', 'Patriots')
- >>> ('Ravens', 'Patriots')
比起实用技术来说这是一个很有趣的事,在python中,True和False是全局变量,因此:
- False = True
- if False:
- print "Hello"
- else:
- print "World"
- >>> Hello