Learn Python The Hard Way学习(39) - 可爱的字典

最新推荐文章于 2024-01-19 07:45:00 发布

lixiang0522

最新推荐文章于 2024-01-19 07:45:00 发布

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下面我们学习另外一种常用的容器：字典。

python叫dict，有的语言叫hash，我都会使用到，这些都不是重点，重点是它和list的区别。我们这样使用list：

>>> things = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']

>>> print things[1]

>>> things[1] = 'z'

>>> print things[1]

>>> print things

['a', 'z', 'c', 'd']

我们可以在list中使用索引，就是说我们可以通过数字找到list中的元素。

而dict不仅仅可以使用数字，还可以使用任何东西找到元素，看下面的例子：

>>> stuff = {'name': 'Zed', 'age': 36, 'height': 6*12+2}

>>> print stuff['name']

Zed

>>> print stuff['age']

>>> print stuff['height']

>>> stuff['city'] = "san Francisco"

>>> print stuff['city']

san Francisco

>>>

我们可以用一个字符串为字典插入数据，也能使用数字，比如：

>>> stuff[1] = "Wow"

>>> stuff[2] = "Neato"

>>> print stuff[1]

Wow

>>> print stuff[2]

Neato

>>> print stuff

{'city': 'san Francisco', 2: 'Neato', 'name': 'Zed', 1: 'Wow', 'age': 36, 'height': 74}

>>>

当然，字典不可能只可以插入数据，可以删除数据：

>>> del stuff['city']

>>> del stuff[1]

>>> del stuff[2]

>>> stuff

{'name': 'Zed', 'age': 36, 'height': 74}

>>>

下面做一个练习：

# create a mapping of state to abbreviation
states = {
    'Oregon': 'OR',
    'Florida': 'FL',
    'California': 'CA',
    'New York': 'NY',
    'Michigan': 'MI'
}


# create a basic set of states and some cities in them
cities = {
    'CA': 'San Francisco',
    'MI': 'Detroit',
    'FL': 'Jacksonville'
}


# add same more cities
cities['NY'] = 'New York'
cities['OR'] = 'Portland'


# print out some cities
print '-' * 10
print "NY State has: ", cities['NY']
print "OR State has: ", cities['OR']


# print some states
print '-' * 10
print "Michigan's abbreviation is: ", states['Michigan']
print "Florida's abbreviation is: ", states['Florida']


# do it by using the state then cities dict
print '-' * 10
print "Michigan has: ", cities[states['Michigan']]
print "Florida has: ", cities[states['Florida']]


# print every state abbreviation
print '-' * 10
for state, abbrev in states.items():
    print "%s is abbreviated %s" % (state, abbrev)


# print every city in state
print '-' * 10
for abbrev, city in cities.items():
    print "%s has the city %s" % (abbrev, city)


# now do both at the same time
print '-' * 10
for state, abbrev in states.items():
    print "%s state is abbreviated %s and has city %s" % (
        state, abbrev, cities[abbrev])


print '-' * 10
# safely get a abbreviation by state that might not be there
state = states.get('Texas', None)


if not state:
    print "Sorry, no Texas."


# get a city with a default value
city = cities.get('TX', 'Does Not Exist')
print "The city for the state 'TX' is: %s" % city

运行结果

root@he-desktop:~/mystuff# python ex39.py

----------

NY State has: New York

OR State has: Portland

----------

Michigan's abbreviation is: MI

Florida's abbreviation is: FL

----------

Michigan has: Detroit

Florida has: Jacksonville

----------