This article describes how to use persistent names for your block devices. This has been made possible by the introduction of udev and has some advantages over bus-based naming. If your machine has more than one SATA, SCSI or IDE disk controller, the order in which their corresponding device nodes are added is arbitrary. This may result in device names like /dev/sda and /dev/sdb switching around on each boot, culminating in an unbootable system, kernel panic, or a block device disappearing. Persistent naming solves these issues.
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[hide]Persistent naming methods
There are four different schemes for persistent naming: by-label, by-uuid, by-id and by-path. For those using disks with GUID Partition Table (GPT), two additional schemes can be used by-partlabel and by-partuuid. You can also use static device names by using Udev.
The following sections describes what the different persistent naming methods are and how they are used.
The lsblk -f command can be used for viewing graphically the first persistent schemes:
$ lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT sda ├─sda1 vfat CBB6-24F2 /boot ├─sda2 ext4 SYSTEM 0a3407de-014b-458b-b5c1-848e92a327a3 / ├─sda3 ext4 DATA b411dc99-f0a0-4c87-9e05-184977be8539 /home └─sda4 swap f9fe0b69-a280-415d-a03a-a32752370dee [SWAP]
For those using GPT, use the blkid command instead. The latter is more convenient for scripts, but more difficult to read.
$ blkid
/dev/sda1: UUID="CBB6-24F2" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="EFI SYSTEM PARTITION" PARTUUID="d0d0d110-0a71-4ed6-936a-304969ea36af" /dev/sda2: LABEL="SYSTEM" UUID="0a3407de-014b-458b-b5c1-848e92a327a3" TYPE="ext4" PARTLABEL="GNU/LINUX" PARTUUID="98a81274-10f7-40db-872a-03df048df366" /dev/sda3: LABEL="DATA" UUID="b411dc99-f0a0-4c87-9e05-184977be8539" TYPE="ext4" PARTLABEL="HOME" PARTUUID="7280201c-fc5d-40f2-a9b2-466611d3d49e" /dev/sda4: UUID="f9fe0b69-a280-415d-a03a-a32752370dee" TYPE="swap" PARTLABEL="SWAP" PARTUUID="039b6c1c-7553-4455-9537-1befbc9fbc5b"
by-label
Almost every filesystem type can have a label. All your partitions that have one are listed in the /dev/disk/by-label directory. This directory is created and destroyed dynamically, depending on whether you have partitions with labels attached.
$ ls -l /dev/disk/by-label
total 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 23:31 DATA -> ../../sda3 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 23:31 SYSTEM -> ../../sda2
The labels of your filesystems can be changed. Following are some methods for changing labels on common filesystems:
-
swap
-
swaplabel -L <label> /dev/XXXusing util-linux
ext2/3/4
-
e2label /dev/XXX <label>using e2fsprogs
btrfs
-
btrfs filesystem label /dev/XXX <label>using btrfs-progs
reiserfs
-
reiserfstune -l <label> /dev/XXXusing reiserfsprogs
jfs
-
jfs_tune -L <label> /dev/XXXusing jfsutils
xfs
-
xfs_admin -L <label> /dev/XXXusing xfsprogs
fat/vfat
-
fatlabel /dev/XXX <label>using dosfstools
fat/vfat
-
mlabel -i /dev/XXX ::<label>using mtools
ntfs
-
ntfslabel /dev/XXX <label>using ntfs-3g
zfs
-
this filesystem does not support
/dev/disk/by-label, but #by-partlabel may be used
by-uuid
UUID is a mechanism to give each filesystem a unique identifier. These identifiers are generated by filesystem utilities (e.g. mkfs.*) when the partition gets formatted and are designed so that collisions are unlikely. All GNU/Linux filesystems (including swap and LUKS headers of raw encrypted devices) support UUID. FAT and NTFS filesystems (fat and windows labels above) do not support UUID, but are still listed in /dev/disk/by-uuid with a shorter UID (unique identifier):
$ ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/
total 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 23:31 0a3407de-014b-458b-b5c1-848e92a327a3 -> ../../sda2 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 23:31 b411dc99-f0a0-4c87-9e05-184977be8539 -> ../../sda3 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 23:31 CBB6-24F2 -> ../../sda1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 23:31 f9fe0b69-a280-415d-a03a-a32752370dee -> ../../sda4
The advantage of using the UUID method is that it is much less likely that name collisions occur than with labels. Further, it is generated automatically on creation of the filesystem. It will, for example, stay unique even if the device is plugged into another system (which may perhaps have a device with the same label).
The disadvantage is that UUIDs make long code lines hard to read and break formatting in many configuration files (e.g. fstab or crypttab). Also every time a partition is resized or reformatted a new UUID is generated and configs have to get adjusted (manually).
by-id and by-path
by-id creates a unique name depending on the hardware serial number, by-path depending on the shortest physical path (according to sysfs). Both contain strings to indicate which subsystem they belong to (i.e. -ide- for by-path, and -ata- for by-id), so they are linked to the hardware controlling the device. This implies different levels of persistence: the by-path will already change when the device is plugged into a different port of the controller, the by-id will change when the device is plugged into a port of a hardware controller subject to another subsystem. [1] Thus, both are not suitable to achieve persistent naming tolerant to hardware changes.
However, both provide important information to find a particular device in a large hardware infrastructure. For example, if you do not manually assign persistent labels (by-label or by-partlabel) and keep a directory with hardware port usage, by-id and by-path can be used to find a particular device.[2] [3]
by-partlabel
Partition labels can be defined in the header of the partition entry on GPT disks.
See also Wikipedia:GUID Partition Table#Partition entries.
This method is very similar to the filesystem labels, excepted that the dynamic directory is /dev/disk/by-partlabel.
ls -l /dev/disk/by-partlabel/
total 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 23:31 EFI\x20SYSTEM\x20PARTITION -> ../../sda1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 23:31 GNU\x2fLINUX -> ../../sda2 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 23:31 HOME -> ../../sda3 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 23:31 SWAP -> ../../sda4
by-partuuid
Like GPT partition labels, GPT partition UUID are defined in the partition entry on GPT disks.
See also Wikipedia:GUID Partition Table#Partition entries.
The dynamic directory is similar to other methods and, like UUID filesystems, using UUIDs is prefered over labels.
ls -l /dev/disk/by-partuuid/
total 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 23:31 039b6c1c-7553-4455-9537-1befbc9fbc5b -> ../../sda4 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 23:31 7280201c-fc5d-40f2-a9b2-466611d3d49e -> ../../sda3 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 23:31 98a81274-10f7-40db-872a-03df048df366 -> ../../sda2 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 23:31 d0d0d110-0a71-4ed6-936a-304969ea36af -> ../../sda1
Static device names with Udev
See Udev#Setting static device names.
Using persistent naming
There are various applications that can be configured using persistent naming. Following are some examples of how to configure them.
fstab
See the main article: fstab#UUIDs
Boot managers
To use persistent names in your boot manager, the following prerequisites must be met:
- You are using a mkinitcpio initial RAM disk image
- You have udev enabled in
/etc/mkinitcpio.conf
In the above example, /dev/sda1 is the root partition. In the GRUB grub.cfg file, the linux line looks like this:
linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/sda1 rw quiet
Depending on which naming scheme you would prefer, change it to one of the following:
linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/disk/by-label/root_myhost rw quiet
or:
linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=UUID=2d781b26-0285-421a-b9d0-d4a0d3b55680 rw quiet
If you are using LILO, then do not try this with the root=... configuration option; it will not work. Use append="root=..." or addappend="root=..." instead. Read the LILO man page for more information on append and addappend.
There is an alternative way to use the label embedded in the filesystem. For example if (as above) the filesystem in /dev/sda1 is labeled root_myhost, you would give this line to GRUB:
linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=LABEL=root_myhost rw quiet
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