编写hoti(s),把由十六进制数字组成的字符串（0x或0X）转化为与之等价的整形值。字符串中允许包含的数字为：0-9，a-f或A-F。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include<windows.h>

/* Here's a helper function to get me around the problem of not
* having strchr
*/

//将字符c 传入函数，转化成相应的整形值，用到一个技巧。10+（i）/2，巧妙地将对应的大小写字母转换为同一个数。若为不符合条件字符返回0
int hexalpha_to_int(int c)
{
    char hexalpha[] = "aAbBcCdDeEfF";
    int i;
    int answer = 0;

    for (i = 0; answer == 0 && hexalpha[i] != '\0'; i++)
    {
        if (hexalpha[i] == c)
        {
            answer = 10 + (i / 2);
        }
    }

    return answer;
}

//返回无符号整形
//若十六进制的字符串包含前缀0x或0X先进行++处理
//按十六进制进行计算的时候结果的整形值用answer*=16+temp,temp（为说明思路标注的临时变量）为一个16进制的数
unsigned int htoi(const char s[])
{
    unsigned int answer = 0;
    int i = 0;
    int valid = 1;
    int hexit;

    if (s[i] == '0')
    {
        ++i;
        if (s[i] == 'x' || s[i] == 'X')
        {
            ++i;
        }
    }

    while (valid && s[i] != '\0')
    {
        answer = answer * 16;
        if (s[i] >= '0' && s[i] <= '9')
        {
            answer = answer + (s[i] - '0');
        }
        else
        {
            hexit = hexalpha_to_int(s[i]);
            if (hexit == 0)
            {
                valid = 0;
            }
            else
            {
                answer = answer + hexit;
            }
        }

        ++i;
    }

    if (!valid)
    {
        answer = 0;
    }

    return answer;
}

/* Solution finished. This bit's just a test driver, so
* I've relaxed the rules on what's allowed.
*/

//测试程序
//strtoul函数将字符串转化为无符号长整形数
//验证打印(*endp != '\0' && result == 0) || result == check）正确打印条件
int main(void)
{
    char *endp = NULL;
    char *test[] =
    {
        "F00",
        "bar",
        "0100",
        "0x1",
        "0XA",
        "0X0C0BE",
        "abcdef",
        "123456",
        "0x123456",
        "deadbeef",
        "zog_c"
    };

    unsigned int result;
    unsigned int check;

    size_t numtests = sizeof test / sizeof test[0];

    size_t thistest;

    for (thistest = 0; thistest < numtests; thistest++)
    {
        result = htoi(test[thistest]);
        check = (unsigned int)strtoul(test[thistest], &endp, 16);

        if ((*endp != '\0' && result == 0) || result == check)
        {
            printf("Testing %s. Correct. %u\n", test[thistest], result);
        }
        else
        {
            printf("Testing %s. Incorrect. %u\n", test[thistest], result);
        }
    }

    system("pause");
    return 0;
}

//全部正确