Mysql DQL 学习随笔(4) 子查询

子查询

含义：出现在其他语句中的select语句，称为子查询或内查询
外部的查询语句，称为主查询或外查询

分类：
按子查询出现的位置：
   select后面：
      仅仅支持标量子查询

   from后面：
      支持表子查询

   where或having后面：
      标量子查询
      列子查询

      行子查询

   exists后面（相关子查询）：
      表子查询

按结果集的行列数不同：
   标量子查询（结果集只有一行一列）
   列子查询（结果集只有一列多行）
   行子查询（结果集有一行多列）
   表子查询（结果集一般为多行多列）

一、where或having后面

1.标量子查询（单行子查询）
2.列子查询（多行子查询)

3.行子查询（多行多列）

特点：
①子查询放在小括号内

②子查询一般放在条件的右侧

③标量子查询，一般搭配着单行操作符使用
#> < >= <= = <>
列子查询，一般搭配着多行操作符使用
in、any/some、all

④子查询的执行优先于主查询执行，主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果

1.标量子查询

案例1：谁的工资比Abel高？

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
	SELECT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
);

案例2：返回job_id与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工姓名，job_id和工资

SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id=(
	SELECT job_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE employee_id=141
) AND salary>(
	SELECT salary 
	FROM employees
	WHERE employee_id=143 
);

案例3：返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name，job_id和salary

SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
	SELECT MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
);

案例4：查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资

SELECT department_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
	SELECT MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE department_id=50
);

列子查询（多行子查询）

案例1：返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名(12同义，34同义）

SELECT department_id,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (
	SELECT department_id 
	FROM departments
	WHERE location_id IN (1400,1700)
);

SELECT department_id,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=ANY(
	SELECT department_id 
	FROM departments
	WHERE location_id IN (1400,1700)
);

SELECT department_id,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id NOT IN (
	SELECT department_id 
	FROM departments
	WHERE location_id IN (1400,1700)
);

SELECT department_id,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id<>ALL(
	SELECT department_id 
	FROM departments
	WHERE location_id IN (1400,1700)
);

案例2：返回其工种中比job_id为’IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id以及salary

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
	SELECT MAX(salary)   #比任一工资低  max
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id LIKE "IT_PROG"
) AND job_id<>"IT_PROG";

行子查询（结果集一行多列或多行多列）

案例：查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息 (上下语句实现相同结果）

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=(
	SELECT MIN(employee_id)
	FROM employees
) AND salary=(
	SELECT MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
);

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
	SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
);

二、select后面

仅仅支持标量查询（一行一列）

案例1：查询每个部门的员工个数

SELECT d.*,(
	SELECT COUNT(*)
	FROM employees e
	WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
) 个数
FROM departments d;

案例2：查询员工号=102的部门名

SELECT (
	SELECT department_name
	FROM departments d
	INNER JOIN employees e
	ON d.department_id=e.department_id
	WHERE e.employee_id=102
) 部门名;

三、from后面

将子查询结果充当一张表，要求必须起别名

案例：查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级

SELECT ag_sal.*,j.grade_level
FROM (
	SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
	FROM employees e
	GROUP BY department_id
) ag_sal 
INNER JOIN job_grades j
ON ag_sal.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal

exists后面（相关子查询）

exists语法：
exists（完整的查询语句）
结果：
1或0

案例1：查询有员工的部门名

SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
	SELECT *
	FROM employees e
	WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
);

案例2：查询没有女朋友的男神信息

# IN
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.id NOT IN (
	SELECT b.boyfriend_id
	FROM beauty b
);

# exists
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
	SELECT boyfriend_id
	FROM  beauty b
	WHERE bo.`id`=b.`boyfriend_id`
);

练习题：
1.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号、姓名和工资

SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary,e.`department_id`
FROM employees e
JOIN (
	SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) ag_sal
	FROM employees
	GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
ON ag_dep.department_id=e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`salary`>ag_dep.ag_sal;

2.查询管理者是K_ing的员工姓名和工资

SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees e
WHERE manager_id IN (
	SELECT employee_id
	FROM employees e
	WHERE last_name="K_ing"
);

3.查询工资最低的员工信息：last_name，salary

SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
	SELECT MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
);

4.查询平均工资最低的部门信息

#方法1：
SELECT d.*
FROM departments d
WHERE department_id=(
	SELECT department_id
	FROM employees
	GROUP BY department_id
	HAVING AVG(salary)=(
		SELECT MIN(ag)
		FROM (
			SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
		) ag_dep
	)
);

#方法2
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id=(
	SELECT department_id
	FROM employees
	GROUP BY department_id
	ORDER BY AVG(salary) ASC
	LIMIT 1
);

5.查询平均工资最低的部门信息和该部门的平均工资

SELECT d.*,ag
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN (
	SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) ag
	FROM employees
	GROUP BY department_id
	ORDER BY AVG(salary) ASC
	LIMIT 1
) ag_dep
ON d.`department_id`=ag_dep.department_id

6.查询平均工资最高的job信息

SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id=(
	SELECT job_id
	FROM employees
	GROUP BY job_id
	ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
	LIMIT 1
);

7.查询平均工资高于公司平均工资的部门有哪些

SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary)>(
	SELECT AVG(salary)
	FROM employees
);

8.查询出公司中所有manager的详细信息

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
	SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
	FROM employees
);

9.各个部门中最高工资中最低的那个部门的最低工资是多少

SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=(
	SELECT department_id
	FROM employees
	GROUP BY department_id
	ORDER BY MAX(salary) ASC
	LIMIT 1
);

10.查询平均工资最高的部门的manager的详细信息：last_name，department_id，email，salary

#方法1
SELECT 
  last_name,
  d.department_id,
  email,
  salary 
FROM
  employees e 
  INNER JOIN departments d 
    ON d.manager_id = e.employee_id 
WHERE d.`department_id` = 
  (SELECT 
    department_id 
  FROM
    employees 
  GROUP BY department_id 
  ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC 
  LIMIT 1) ;

#方法2
SELECT 
      last_name, department_id, email, salary 
    FROM
      employees 
    WHERE employee_id IN 
      (SELECT DISTINCT 
        manager_id 
      FROM
        employees 
      WHERE department_id = 
        (SELECT 
          department_id 
        FROM
          employees 
        GROUP BY department_id 
        ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC 
        LIMIT 1)) ;