提交方法简介
一个 html <form> 可以用以下四种方式发送：
- 使用 POST 方法，并设置 enctype 属性为 application/x-www-form-urlencoded (默认)
- 使用POST 方法，并设置 enctype 属性为 text/plain
- 使用 POST 方法，并设置 enctype 属性为multipart/form-data
- 使用 GET 方法（这种情况下 enctype 属性会被忽略）
现在，我们提交一个表单，它里面有两个字段，分别被命名为 foo 和 baz。如果你用 POST 方法，那么服务器将会接收到一个字符串类似于下面三种情况之一，其中的区别依赖于你采用何种编码类型：
- 方法: POST;
- 编码类型: application/x-www-form-urlencoded (default):
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
foo=bar&baz=The+first+line.%0D%0AThe+second+line.%0D%0A
- 方法: POST;
- 编码类型: text/plain:
Content-Type: text/plain
foo=bar
baz=The first line.
The second line.
- 方法: POST;
- 编码类型: multipart/form-data:
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=---------------------------314911788813839
-----------------------------314911788813839
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="foo"
bar
-----------------------------314911788813839
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="baz"
The first line.
The second line.
相反的，如果你用 GET 方法，一个像下面这样的字符串将被简单的附加到 URL：
?foo=bar&baz=The%20first%20line.%0AThe%20second%20line.
一个小的普通的框架
所有这些事情都是由浏览器在你提交一个<form> 的时候自动完成的。但是如果你想要用 JavaScript 做同样的事情，你不得不告诉解释器所有的事。那么，如何发送表单这件事在使用纯粹的 AJAX 时会复杂到无法在这里解释清楚。基于这个原因，我们提供一个完整的（但仍然教条的）框架，它可以使用所有的四种提交方式，甚至上传文件：
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
<title>Sending forms with pure AJAX – MDN</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
"use strict";
/*\
|*|
|*| :: XMLHttpRequest.prototype.sendAsBinary() Polyfill ::
|*|
|*| https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/XMLHttpRequest#sendAsBinary()
\*/
if (!XMLHttpRequest.prototype.sendAsBinary) {
XMLHttpRequest.prototype.sendAsBinary = function(sData) {
var nBytes = sData.length, ui8Data = new Uint8Array(nBytes);
for (var nIdx = 0; nIdx < nBytes; nIdx++) {
ui8Data[nIdx] = sData.charCodeAt(nIdx) & 0xff;
}
/* send as ArrayBufferView...: */
this.send(ui8Data);
/* ...or as ArrayBuffer (legacy)...: this.send(ui8Data.buffer); */
};
}
/*\
|*|
|*| :: AJAX Form Submit Framework ::
|*|
|*| https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/XMLHttpRequest/Using_XMLHttpRequest
|*|
|*| This framework is released under the GNU Public License, version 3 or later.
|*| http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0-standalone.html
|*|
|*| Syntax:
|*|
|*| AJAXSubmit(HTMLFormElement);
\*/
var AJAXSubmit = (function () {
function ajaxSuccess () {
/* console.log("AJAXSubmit - Success!"); */
alert(this.responseText);
/* you can get the serialized data through the "submittedData" custom property: */
/* alert(JSON.stringify(this.submittedData)); */
}
function submitData (oData) {
/* the AJAX request... */
var oAjaxReq = new XMLHttpRequest();
oAjaxReq.submittedData = oData;
oAjaxReq.onload = ajaxSuccess;
if (oData.technique === 0) {
/* method is GET */
oAjaxReq.open("get", oData.receiver.replace(/(?:\?.*)?$/, oData.segments.length > 0 ? "?" + oData.segments.join("&") : ""), true);
oAjaxReq.send(null);
} else {
/* method is POST */
oAjaxReq.open("post", oData.receiver, true);
if (oData.technique === 3) {
/* enctype is multipart/form-data */
var sBoundary = "---------------------------" + Date.now().toString(16);
oAjaxReq.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "multipart\/form-data; boundary=" + sBoundary);
oAjaxReq.sendAsBinary("--" + sBoundary + "\r\n" + oData.segments.join("--" + sBoundary + "\r\n") + "--" + sBoundary + "--\r\n");
} else {
/* enctype is application/x-www-form-urlencoded or text/plain */
oAjaxReq.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", oData.contentType);
oAjaxReq.send(oData.segments.join(oData.technique === 2 ? "\r\n" : "&"));
}
}
}
function processStatus (oData) {
if (oData.status > 0) { return; }
/* the form is now totally serialized! do something before sending it to the server... */
/* doSomething(oData); */
/* console.log("AJAXSubmit - The form is now serialized. Submitting..."); */
submitData (oData);
}
function pushSegment (oFREvt) {
this.owner.segments[this.segmentIdx] += oFREvt.target.result + "\r\n";
this.owner.status--;
processStatus(this.owner);
}
function plainEscape (sText) {
/* how should I treat a text/plain form encoding? what characters are not allowed? this is what I suppose...: */
/* "4\3\7 - Einstein said E=mc2" ----> "4\\3\\7\ -\ Einstein\ said\ E\=mc2" */
return sText.replace(/[\s\=\\]/g, "\\$&");
}
function SubmitRequest (oTarget) {
var nFile, sFieldType, oField, oSegmReq, oFile, bIsPost = oTarget.method.toLowerCase() === "post";
/* console.log("AJAXSubmit - Serializing form..."); */
this.contentType = bIsPost && oTarget.enctype ? oTarget.enctype : "application\/x-www-form-urlencoded";
this.technique = bIsPost ? this.contentType === "multipart\/form-data" ? 3 : this.contentType === "text\/plain" ? 2 : 1 : 0;
this.receiver = oTarget.action;
this.status = 0;
this.segments = [];
var fFilter = this.technique === 2 ? plainEscape : escape;
for (var nItem = 0; nItem < oTarget.elements.length; nItem++) {
oField = oTarget.elements[nItem];
if (!oField.hasAttribute("name")) { continue; }
sFieldType = oField.nodeName.toUpperCase() === "INPUT" ? oField.getAttribute("type").toUpperCase() : "TEXT";
if (sFieldType === "FILE" && oField.files.length > 0) {
if (this.technique === 3) {
/* enctype is multipart/form-data */
for (nFile = 0; nFile < oField.files.length; nFile++) {
oFile = oField.files[nFile];
oSegmReq = new FileReader();
/* (custom properties:) */
oSegmReq.segmentIdx = this.segments.length;
oSegmReq.owner = this;
/* (end of custom properties) */
oSegmReq.onload = pushSegment;
this.segments.push("Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" + oField.name + "\"; filename=\""+ oFile.name + "\"\r\nContent-Type: " + oFile.type + "\r\n\r\n");
this.status++;
oSegmReq.readAsBinaryString(oFile);
}
} else {
/* enctype is application/x-www-form-urlencoded or text/plain or method is GET: files will not be sent! */
for (nFile = 0; nFile < oField.files.length; this.segments.push(fFilter(oField.name) + "=" + fFilter(oField.files[nFile++].name)));
}
} else if ((sFieldType !== "RADIO" && sFieldType !== "CHECKBOX") || oField.checked) {
/* field type is not FILE or is FILE but is empty */
this.segments.push(
this.technique === 3 ? /* enctype is multipart/form-data */
"Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" + oField.name + "\"\r\n\r\n" + oField.value + "\r\n"
: /* enctype is application/x-www-form-urlencoded or text/plain or method is GET */
fFilter(oField.name) + "=" + fFilter(oField.value)
);
}
}
processStatus(this);
}
return function (oFormElement) {
if (!oFormElement.action) { return; }
new SubmitRequest(oFormElement);
};
})();
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Sending forms with pure AJAX</h1>
<h2>Using the GET method</h2>
<form action="register.php" method="get" onsubmit="AJAXSubmit(this); return false;">
<fieldset>
<legend>Registration example</legend>
<p>
First name: <input type="text" name="firstname" /><br />
Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname" />
</p>
<p>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</p>
</fieldset>
</form>
<h2>Using the POST method</h2>
<h3>Enctype: application/x-www-form-urlencoded (default)</h3>
<form action="register.php" method="post" onsubmit="AJAXSubmit(this); return false;">
<fieldset>
<legend>Registration example</legend>
<p>
First name: <input type="text" name="firstname" /><br />
Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname" />
</p>
<p>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</p>
</fieldset>
</form>
<h3>Enctype: text/plain</h3>
<form action="register.php" method="post" enctype="text/plain" onsubmit="AJAXSubmit(this); return false;">
<fieldset>
<legend>Registration example</legend>
<p>
Your name: <input type="text" name="user" />
</p>
<p>
Your message:<br />
<textarea name="message" cols="40" rows="8"></textarea>
</p>
<p>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</p>
</fieldset>
</form>
<h3>Enctype: multipart/form-data</h3>
<form action="register.php" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data" onsubmit="AJAXSubmit(this); return false;">
<fieldset>
<legend>Upload example</legend>
<p>
First name: <input type="text" name="firstname" /><br />
Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname" /><br />
Sex:
<input id="sex_male" type="radio" name="sex" value="male" /> <label for="sex_male">Male</label>
<input id="sex_female" type="radio" name="sex" value="female" /> <label for="sex_female">Female</label><br />
Password: <input type="password" name="secret" /><br />
What do you prefer:
<select name="image_type">
<option>Books</option>
<option>Cinema</option>
<option>TV</option>
</select>
</p>
<p>
Post your photos:
<input type="file" multiple name="photos[]">
</p>
<p>
<input id="vehicle_bike" type="checkbox" name="vehicle[]" value="Bike" /> <label for="vehicle_bike">I have a bike</label><br />
<input id="vehicle_car" type="checkbox" name="vehicle[]" value="Car" /> <label for="vehicle_car">I have a car</label>
</p>
<p>
Describe yourself:<br />
<textarea name="description" cols="50" rows="8"></textarea>
</p>
<p>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</p>
</fieldset>
</form>
</body>
</html>
要测试它的话，创建一个页面名为 register.php （作为示例表单的 action 属性）并且只输入以下内容：
<?php
/* register.php */
header("Content-type: text/plain");
/*
NOTE: You should never use `print_r()` in production scripts, or
otherwise output client-submitted data without sanitizing it first.
Failing to sanitize can lead to cross-site scripting vulnerabilities.
*/
echo ":: data received via GET ::\n\n";
print_r($_GET);
echo "\n\n:: Data received via POST ::\n\n";
print_r($_POST);
echo "\n\n:: Data received as \"raw\" (text/plain encoding) ::\n\n";
if (isset($HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA)) { echo $HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA; }
echo "\n\n:: Files received ::\n\n";
print_r($_FILES);
相关技术罗列
- axios
- XMLHttpRequest
- FormData
- enctype
- Content-Type
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