高数 03[01-05]习题课

$\color{blue}{微分中值定理与导数的应用习题课}$

微分中值定理与导数的应用
例题分析
一、选择题
$例1.函数f(x) = (\ \ {\color{blue}{C} }\ \ )在[-1, 1]上满足罗尔定理的所有条件.$
$A.\dfrac{1}{x}; \quad B.|x|; \quad C.1 - x^2; \quad D. x - 1$
$\color{blue}{解： 3个条件：\\ 在闭区间[a, b]内连续,\\ 在开区间(a, b)内可导,\\ 两个端点函数值f(a) = f(b) \\ \Longrightarrow 至少有一个\xi \in (a, b)，使得f^{\prime}(\xi) = 0.}\\ A. f(x) = \dfrac{1}{x}在x = 0无意义，不连续\\ B.f(x) = |x|, f^{\prime}(0) 不存在\\ C.f(x) = 1- x^2,在[-1, 1]上连续，在(-1, 1)可导f^{\prime}(x) = -2x，f(-1) = f(1) = 0\\ D.f(x) = x - 1,在[-1, 1]上连续,在(-1, 1)可导f^{\prime}(x) = 1,f(-1) \neq f(1)$

$例2.下面函数在[1, e]上满足拉格朗日中值定理的条件的是(\ \ {\color{blue}{B} }\ \ )$
$A.\ln{\ln{x}}; \quad B.\ln{x}; \quad C.\dfrac{1}{\ln{x}}; \quad D.\ln(2 - x).$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ 拉格朗日中值定理条件，在闭区间内连续，开区间内可导\\ A. f(x) = \ln{\ln{x}} 在[1, e]上,f(1) = \ln{0}无定义，不连续,\\ B.f(x) = \ln{x}在[1, e]上连续,在(1, e)内可导,f^{\prime}(x) = \dfrac{1}{x}\\ C.f(x) = \dfrac{1}{\ln{x}},f(1) = \dfrac{1}{0},无定义，不连续\\ D.f(x) = \ln(2 - x),在[2, e]上无定义 }$

$例3.设f(x) = x\ln{x},则f(x)(\ \ {\color{blue}{A} }\ \ )$
$A.在(0, \dfrac{1}{e})内单调减少; \quad B.在(\dfrac{1}{e}, +\infty)内单调减少;\\ C.在(0, +\infty)内单调减少; \quad D.在(0, +\infty)内单调增加$
$\color{blue}{解:\\ f(x) = x \ln{x}的定义域为(0, +\infty),\\ f^{\prime}(x) = \ln{x} + 1 = 0, x = \dfrac{1}{e}\\ x \in (0, \dfrac{1}{e}), f^{\prime}(x) < 0,f(x)单调递减\\ x \in (\dfrac{1}{e}, +\infty), f^{\prime}(x) > 0, f(x)单调递增 }$

$例4.函数y = x - \arctan{x}在(-\infty, +\infty)内是(\ \ {\color{blue}{A} }\ \ ).$
$A.单调增加; \quad B.单调减少; \quad C.不单调; \quad D.不连续$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ y^{\prime} = 1 - \dfrac{1}{1 + x^2} \geq 0\\ y 在(-\infty, 0) \bigcup (0, +\infty)内单调增加，\\ y在x = 0点连续,所以y在(-\infty, +\infty)内单调增加 }$

$例5.函数y = ln(1 + x^2)的单调增加区间为(\ \ {\color{blue}{C} }\ \ )$
$A.(-5, 5); \quad B.(-\infty, 0); \quad C.(0, +\infty); \quad D.(-\infty, +\infty)$
$\color{blue}{解:\\ y = \ln(1 + x^2)的定义域为(-\infty, +\infty)\\ y^{\prime} = \dfrac{1}{1 + x^2} \cdot (1 + x^2)^{\prime} \\ = \dfrac{2x}{1 + x^2} > 0 \\ x > 0 }$

$例6.以下结论正确的是(\ \ {\color{blue}{C} }\ \ )$
$A.函数f(x)的导数不存在的点.一定不是f(x)的极值点;\\ B.若x_0为f(x)的驻点,则x_0必为f(x)的极值点;\\ C.若f(x)在x_0处有极值,且f^{\prime}(x_0)存在,则必有f^{\prime}(x_0) = 0;\\ D.若f(x)在x_0处连续，则f^{\prime}(x_0)一定存在.$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ 设y = |x|,则在x = 0处连续,不可导,但x = 0为y = |x|的极小值，可以排除A、D\\ 设y = x^3，则y^{\prime} = 3x^2,可知x = 0为y= x^3的驻点，但不为极值点，应排除B.\\ 由极值点的必要条件可知C正确. }$

$例7.设函数f(x)在[a, b]上连续,且f(a) = f(b),但f(x)不恒为常数,则在(a, b)内(\ \ {\color{blue}{C} }\ \ )$
$A.既有极大值又有极小值; \quad B.既有最大值又有最小值\\ C.必有最大值或最小值; \qquad D.至少存在一点\xi,使f^{\prime}(\xi) = 0$
$\color{blue}{分析：\\ 由于f(x)在[a, b]上连续,根据闭区间上连续函数的性质知\\ f(x)在[a, b]上必有最大值或最小值,而对于A、B就不一定.\\ 由于没有给出在(a, b)内可导,所以D不一定成立.\\ 故选C }$

$例8.设f(x) = \dfrac{1}{3}x^3 - x,则x = 1为f(x)在[-2, 2]上的(\ \ {\color{blue}{B} }\ \ )$
$A.极小值点.但不是最小值; \\ B.极小值点，也是最小值点; \\ C.极大值点，但不是最大值点;\\ D.极大值点，也是最大值点$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ f^{\prime}(x) = x^2 - 1\\ 解f^{\prime}(x) = 0,得x_1 = -1, x_2 = 1\\ f^{\prime \prime}(x) = 2x, f^{\prime \prime}(1) = 2 > 0,x = 1为极小值点，\\ f(-2) = -\dfrac{2}{3},f(-1) = \dfrac{2}{3}, f(1) = -\dfrac{2}{3}, f(2) = \dfrac{2}{3} \\ x = 1也是最小值点，故选B. }$

$例9.a < x < b,f^{\prime}(x) < 0, f^{\prime \prime}(x) > 0， 则曲线y = f(x)在区间(a, b)内沿x轴正向(\ \ {\color{blue}{A} }\ \ )$
$A.下降且上凹; \quad B.下降且下凹;\\ C.上升且上凹; \quad D.上升且下凹.$

$例10.曲线y = 6x - 24x^2 + x^4的凸区间是(\ \ {\color{blue}{A} }\ \ )$
$A.(-2, 2); \quad B.(-\infty, 0); \quad C.(0, +\infty); D.(-\infty, +\infty)$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ y^{\prime} = 6 - 48x + 4x^3 \\ y^{\prime \prime} = 12(x^2 - 4) < 0 \\ x \in (-2, 2) }$

二、填空题
$例11.设f(x)在[a, b]上连续,在(a, b)内可导,则在(a, b)内至少存在一点\xi,由微分中值定理使得f(b) - f(a) = \underline{\color{blue}{f^{\prime}(\xi)(b - a)}}$

$例12.函数y = \ln(x + 1)在[0, 1]上满足拉格朗日中值定理的\xi = \underline{\color{blue}{\dfrac{1}{\ln{2}} - 1}}$
$\color{blue}{解: f^{\prime}(x) = \dfrac{1}{1 + x} \\ f(0) = 0, f(1) = \ln{2} f^{\prime}(\xi) = \dfrac{f(1) - f(0)}{1 - 0} = \ln{2} \\ \dfrac{1}{1 + \xi} = \ln{2} \\ \xi = \dfrac{1}{\ln{2}} - 1 }$

$例13.设函数y = 2^{x^2},其单调增加区间为\underline{ \ \ {\color{blue}{(0, +\infty)}}\ \ }$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ y = 2^{x^2}的定义域为(-\infty, +\infty)\\ y^{\prime} = 2^{x^2} \cdot \ln{2} \cdot 2x > 0\\ x > 0 }$

$例14.若函数y = f(x)在x = x_0可导,则它在x_0处得到极值\\ 的必要条件为f^{\prime}(x_0) = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{ 0}}\ \ }$

$例15.函数y = 2x^3 - 3x^2 \quad (-1 \leq x \leq 4)的最大值为\underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{y = 80} }\ \ },最小值点为\underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{x = -1} }\ \ }$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ y^{\prime} = 6x^2 - 6x = 6x(x -1) = 0 \\ x_1 = 0, x_2 = 1,y_1 = 0, y_2 = -1 \\ y^{\prime \prime} = 12x - 6 \\ y^{\prime \prime}|_{x = 0} = -6 < 0,极大值点, \\ y^{\prime \prime}|_{x = 1} = 6 > 0,极小值点, \\ y |_ {x = -1} = -5 ; y |_ {x = 4} = 80 \\ y_{max} = max(-5, 0, -1, 80) = 80 \\ y_{min} = min(-5, 0, -1, 80) = -5 \\ }$

$例16.设y = 2x^3 - 3x^2,则y的极大值点为\underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{x = 0} }\ \ },\\ 极小值点为\underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{x = 1} }\ \ }$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ y = 2x^3 - 3x^2的定义域为(-\infty, +\infty)\\ y^{\prime} = 6x^2 - 6x = 6x(x - 1) = 0\\ x_1 = 0, y_1 = 0, x_2 = 1, y_2 = -1 \\ y^ {\prime \prime} = 12x - 6 \\ y^{\prime \prime} |_ {x = 0} = -6 < 0,为极大值点\\ y^{\prime \prime} |_ {x = 1} = 6 > 0, 为极小值点 \\ }$

$例17.曲线y = x^3 -3x^2 + 6x的拐点为\underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{(1, 4)} }\ \ }$
$color{blue}{解： 拐点：f^{\prime \prime}(x_0) = 0或不存在,且f^{\prime \prime}(x)在点x_0两侧异号.\\ y = x^3 -3x^2 + 6x的定义域为(-\infty, +\infty)\\ y^{\prime} = 3x^2 - 6x + 6 \\ y^{\prime \prime} = 6(x - 1) = 0 \\ x = 1\\ x < 1,y^{\prime \prime} < 0 \\ x > 1,y^{\prime \prime} > 0 \\ 所以x = 1, y = 4是拐点. }$

三、解答题
$例21.证明|\sin{x_2} - \sin{x_1}| \leq |x_2 - x_1|.$
$\color{blue}{证:\\ 设f(x) = \sin{x},\\ 当x_1 = x_2时,|\sin{x_2} - \sin{x_1}| \leq |x_2 - x_1|成立. \\ 当x_1 \neq x_2时，不妨设x_1 < x_2，\\ f(x) = \sin{x}在[x_1, x_2]上连续，且可导,\\ 对f(x)在[x_1, x_2]运用中值定理得\\ f^{\prime}(\xi) = \dfrac{\sin{x_2} - \sin{x_1}}{x_2 - x_1} = \cos{\xi}\\ \dfrac{|\sin{x_2} - \sin{x_1}|}{|x_2 - x_1|} = |\cos{\xi}| \leq 1\\ \therefore |\sin{x_2} - \sin{x_1}| \leq |x_2 - x_1|成立. }$

$例23.求极限\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\ln{\cos{x}}}{x^2}}$
$\color{blue}{解：使用洛必达法则\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\ln{\cos{x}}}{x^2}}\\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{\cos{x}} \cdot (-\sin{x})}{2x}} \\ = -\dfrac{1}{2}\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\tan{x}}{x}} \\ = -\dfrac{1}{2} }$

$例24.求\lim_{x \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{2}}{\dfrac{\ln {\sin{x}}}{(\pi - 2x)^2}}$
$\color{blue}{解：使用洛必达法则\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{2}}{\dfrac{\ln {\sin{x}}}{(\pi - 2x)^2}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{2}}{\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{\sin{x}} \cdot \cos{x}}{2(\pi - 2x) \cdot (-2)}} \\ = \dfrac{1}{4} \cdot \lim_{x \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{2}}{\dfrac{(\dfrac{\cos{x}}{\sin{x}})^{\prime}}{(2x - \pi)^{\prime}}} \\ = \dfrac{1}{4} \cdot \lim_{x \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{2}}{\dfrac{\dfrac{-1}{\sin^2{x}}}{2}} \\ = -\dfrac{1}{8} }$

$例25.求\lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{\sqrt{x} \ln{x}}$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ 极限为 “0 \cdot \infty”型，先变形 \\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{\sqrt{x} \ln{x}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{\dfrac{\ln {x}}{\dfrac{1}{\sqrt {x}}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{x}}{-\dfrac{1}{2}\dfrac{1}{ x \sqrt{x}}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{-2\sqrt{x}} \\ = 0 }$

$例26.求\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{ \Big(\dfrac{1}{x} - \dfrac{1}{e^x - 1} \Big) }$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ 这是”\infty - \infty”型未定式,先通分，在运用洛必达法则\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{ \Big(\dfrac{1}{x} - \dfrac{1}{e^x - 1} \Big) } \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{e^x - 1 - x}{x(e^x - 1)}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{e^x - 1}{e^x - 1 + xe^x}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{e^x }{2e^x + xe^x}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{1 }{2 + x}} \\ = \dfrac{1}{2} }$

$例28.求\lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{x^x}.$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ 极限为”0^0”型\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{x^x} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{e^{\ln{x^x}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{e^{x \ln{x}}} \\ = e^{\lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{x \ln{x}}} \\ = e^{\lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{\frac{\ln{x}}{\frac{1}{x}}}} \\ = e^{\lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{\frac{\frac{1}{x}}{\frac{-1}{x^2}}}} \\ = e^{\lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{-x}} \\ = e^0 \\ = 1 }$

$例29.求函数y = x - \ln(x + 1)的单调区间,极值及曲线的凹凸区间.$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ y = x - \ln(x + 1)的定义域为(-1, +\infty)\\ y^{\prime} = ( x - \ln(x + 1))^{\prime} = 1 - \dfrac{1}{x + 1} = \dfrac{x}{x + 1} \\ y^{\prime} = 0, 解得：x_1 = 0, y_1 = 0\\ y^{\prime} > 0, x > 0,\\ y^{\prime} < 0, -1< x < 0,\\ \therefore x \in (-1, 0]上，函数单调递减，x \in [0, +\infty)上，函数单调递增\\ y^{\prime \prime} = \dfrac{x + 1 - x}{(x + 1)^2} = \dfrac{1}{(x + 1)^2} \\ y^{\prime \prime} |_ {x = 0} = 1 > 0,(0, 0)为极小值点,极小值为0\\ y^{\prime \prime} > 0, 曲线上凹 \\ 函数单调递减区间为(-1, 0],单调递增区间为[0, +\infty)，极小值为y = 0,曲线的上凹区间为(-1, +\infty) }$

$例30.证明不等式x > \ln(1 + x) \quad (x > 0)成立.$
$\color{blue}{证:\\ 令f(x) = x - \ln(1 + x) \quad x \in (-1, +\infty) \\ f(x)在(-1, +\infty)上可导\\ f^{\prime}(x) = 1 - \dfrac{1}{1 + x} = \dfrac{x}{1 + x}\\ 当x = 0时,f(0) = 0\\ 当x > 0时，f^{\prime}(x) > 0,f(x)在 x \in (0, +\infty)上单调递增 \\ 在[0, +\infty)上f(x) = x - \ln(1 + x) > f(0) =0 \\ \therefore x > \ln(1 + x) \quad (x > 0) }$

练习题
一、选择题
$1.函数f(x) = x \sqrt{3 - x}在[0, 3]上满足罗尔定理的\xi等于(\ \ {\color{blue}{D} }\ \ )$
$A.0; \quad B.3; \quad C.\dfrac{3}{2}; \quad D.2.$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ f^{\prime}(x) = \sqrt{3 - x} - \dfrac{x}{2 \sqrt{3 - x}} = \dfrac{3(2 - x)}{2\sqrt{3 - x}} = 0 \\ x = 2 }$

$2.下列函数中在给定区间内满足拉格朗日中值定理的条件是(\ \ {\color{blue}{B} }\ \ )$
$A.y = |x|, [-1, 1]; \quad B.y = \dfrac{1}{x}, [1, 2]; \\\\ C.y = \sqrt[3]{x^2}, (-1, 1]; \quad D.y = \dfrac{x}{1 - x^2}, [-2, 2].$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ A.y |_ {x = 0} 不可导\\ B.在[1, 2]连续,在(1, 2)内可导,满足条件\\ C.y^{\prime} = \dfrac{2}{3\sqrt[3]{x}},在x = 0处不可导\\ D.在x = \pm 1处无定义，不连续 }$

$3.设f^{\prime}(x_0) = 0,则x_0一定为y = f(x)的(\ \ {\color{blue}{C} }\ \ )$
$A.极大值点; \quad B.极小值点; \quad C.驻点; \quad D.拐点.$

$4.下列命题中正确的有(\ \ {\color{blue}{C} }\ \ )$
$A.若x_0为f(x)的极值点,则必有f^{\prime}(x_0) = 0\\ B.若f^{\prime}(x_0) = 0则x_0必为f(x)极值点\\ C.若x_0为f(x)的极值点,可能f^{\prime}(x_0)不存在\\ D.若f(x)在(a, b)内存在极大值,也存在极小值,则极大值必定大于极小值.$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ A. f(x) = |x|,在x=0点有极小值，无一阶导数 \\ B. f(x) = x^3, f^{\prime} = 3x^2, x = 0为拐点，不是极值点\\ C. f(x) = |x|, x = 0，符合\\ D.f(x) = C,f_{max}(x) = f_{min}(x) }$

$5.曲线y = (x - 1)^3 - 1的拐点是(\ \ {\color{blue}{B} }\ \ )$
$A.(2, 0); \quad B.(1, -1); \quad C.(0, -2); D.不存在$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ y^{\prime} = 3(x - 1)^2 =0 \\ x = 1, y = -1 y^{\prime \prime} = 6(x - 1) \\ x < 1,y^{\prime \prime} < 0;x > 1, y^{\prime \prime} > 0；\\ (1, -1)是拐点. }$

$6.条件f^{\prime \prime}(x_0) = 0是曲线y = f(x)上点(x_0, f(x_0))为拐点的(\ \ {\color{blue}{D} }\ \ )$
$A.必要不充分条件; \quad B.充分不必要条件;\\ C.即充分又必要条件; \quad D.无关条件$
$\color{blue}{ 例如:f(x) = x^4,f^{\prime \prime}(x) = 12x^2,f^{\prime \prime}(0) = 0.但是x \neq 0时,f^{\prime \prime}(x) = 12x^2 > 0.f(0) = 0,可知，(0, f(0)) = (0, 0)不为拐点.\\ 又如，f(x) = \sqrt[3]{x},(0, f(0)) = (0, 0)为曲线的拐点，但f^{\prime \prime}(0)不存在，\\ 因此，f^{\prime \prime}(x_0) = 0与点(0, f(0))与曲线y = f(x)拐点为无关条件 }$

$7.曲线y = \dfrac{x^2}{x} + 4 \ln{x}的切线斜率的极小值为(\ \ {\color{blue}{C} }\ \ )$
$A.-1; \quad B.0; \quad C.4; \quad.1.$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ y = \dfrac{x^2}{x} + 4 \ln{x}的定义域(0, +\infty) \\ y^{\prime} = x + \dfrac{4}{x} \\ y^{\prime \prime} = 1 - \dfrac{4}{x^2} = 0 \\ x = 2, y^{\prime} |_ {x = 2} = 4 \\ y^{\prime \prime \prime} = \dfrac{8}{x^3}, y^{\prime \prime \prime} |_ {x = 2} = 1 > 0,极小值点\\ x = 2, y^{\prime} |_ {x = 2} = 4 }$

二、填空题
$1.函数 y = (x + 1)^3的单调增加区间为\underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{(-\infty, +\infty)}}\ \ }$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ y = (x + 1)^3的定义域为(-\infty, +\infty)\\ y^{\prime} = 3(x + 1)^2 \geq 0 \\ 在定义域内单调增加 }$

$2.曲线y = x^3 - 3x + 1的拐点坐标为\underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{(0, 1)} }\ \ }$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ y^{\prime} = 3x^2 - 3 \\ y^{\prime \prime} = 6x = 0 \\ x = 0, y = 1\\ x > 0时, y^{\prime \prime} > 0; x < 0时, y^{\prime \prime} < 0 \\ (0, 1)是拐点 }$

$3.函数y = x^3 -3x + 1的单调减少区间为\underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{(-1, 1)} }\ \ }$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ y = x^3 -3x + 1的定义域为(-\infty, +\infty) \\ y^{\prime} = 3x^2 - 3 < 0 \\ -1 < x < 1 \\ 曲线在(-1, 1)上面单调减少 }$

$4.函数y = x^3 -3x + 1的极小值为\underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{-1} }\ \ }$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ y = x^3 -3x + 1的定义域为(-\infty +\infty) \\ y^{\prime} = 3x^2 - 3 = 0 \\ x_1 = -1, x_2 = 1,y_1 = 3, y_2 = -1 \\ y^{\prime \prime} = 6x > 0 有极小值,\Longrightarrow x > 0\\ x = 1, y = -1是极小值点,极小值是y = -1 }$

$5. 曲线y = x^3 - 3x + 1的下凹区间为\underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{(-\infty, 0)} }\ \ }$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ y = x^3 - 3x + 1的定义域为(-\infty, +\infty) \\ y^{\prime} = 3x^2 - 3 \\ y^{\prime \prime} = 6x < 0曲线上凸(即下凹) \Longrightarrow x < 0\\ x \in (-\infty, 0)上，曲线下凹. }$

三、解答题
$1.判断函数f(x) = x + \cos{x} \quad (0 \leq x \leq 2\pi)的单调性.$
$\color{blue}{解:\\ f^{\prime}(x) = (x + \cos{x})^{\prime} \\ = 1 - \sin{x} \geq 0\\ f(x)在 (0 \leq x \leq 2\pi) 内单调增加 }$

$2.求函数f(x) = x^2 - \ln{x^2}的单调区间$
$\color{blue}{解:\\ f(x) = x^2 - \ln{x^2}的定义域为(-\infty, 0) \bigcup (0, +\infty) \\ f^{\prime}(x) = 2x - \dfrac{2x}{x^2} = 2(x - \dfrac{1}{x}) \\ f^{\prime}(x) = 0 \\ x_1 = -1, x_2 = 1\\ x \in (-\infty, -1) \bigcup (0, 1),f^{\prime}(x) < 0,单调递减\\ x \in (-1, 0) \bigcup (1, +\infty),f^{\prime}(x) > 0,单调增加 }$

$3.求函数y = x^2 - \dfrac{54}{x} \quad (x < 0) 的最值.$
$\color{blue}{解:\\ y^{\prime} = 2x + \dfrac{54}{x^2} \\ y^{\prime} = 0,解得: x = -3,y = 27 \\ y^{\prime \prime} = 2 - \dfrac{108}{x^3} \\ y^{\prime \prime} |_ {x = -3} = 6 > 0, \\ x = -3是极小值点,极小值y = 27 \\ y_{min} = min(27) = 27 }$

$4.求曲线y = e^{\arctan{x}}的拐点及凹凸区间.$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ y = e^{\arctan{x}}的定义域为(-\infty, +infty)\\ y^{\prime} = e^{\arctan{x}} \cdot (\arctan{x})^{\prime} \\ = e^{\arctan{x}} \cdot \dfrac{1}{1 + x^2} \\ = \dfrac{e^{\arctan{x}}}{1 + x^2} \\ y^{\prime \prime} = \dfrac{\dfrac{e^{\arctan{x}}}{1 + x^2} \cdot (1 + x^2) - e^{\arctan{x}} \cdot (2x)}{(1 + x^2)^2} \\ = \dfrac{e^{\arctan{x}}(1 - 2x)}{(1 + x^2)^2} \\ y^{\prime \prime} = 0,解得x = \dfrac{1}{2} \\ x > \dfrac{1}{2}, y^{\prime \prime} < 0，曲线上凸 \\ x < \dfrac{1}{2}, y^{\prime \prime} > 0，曲线下凹 \\ x = \dfrac{1}{2}, y = e^{\arctan{\frac{1}{2}}}是拐点 }$

$5.求函数y = x^3 - 3x^2 - 1的单调区间、极值及其相应的凹凸区间与拐点.$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ y = x^3 - 3x^2 - 1的定义域为(-\infty, +\infty)\\ y^{\prime} = 3x^2 - 6x = 3x(x - 2) = 0 \\ x_1 = 0, y_1 = -1; x_2 = 2, y_2 = -5 \\ x \in (-\infty, 0] \bigcup [1, +\infty)上, y^{\prime} >0,单调递增\\ x \in (0, 1)上,y^{\prime} <0,单调递减 y^{\prime \prime} = 6x - 6 = 6(x - 1) = 0 \\ x = 1, y = -3 \\ x > 1, y^{\prime \prime} >0,曲线上凹; x < 1, y^{\prime \prime} < 0，曲线上凸;(1, -3)是拐点\\ y^{\prime \prime} |_ {x = 0} = -6 < 0,极大值点，极大值y= -1\\ y^{\prime \prime} |_ {x = 2} = 6 > 0,极小值点，极小值y= -5\\ }$

第一部分 导数与微分
一、导数和微分的概念及应用
$导数：f^{\prime}(x) = \lim_{\Delta{x} \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{f(x + \Delta{x}) - f(x)}{\Delta{x}}}$
$当\Delta{x} \rightarrow 0^+时,为右导数f^{\prime}_+(x)$
$当\Delta{x} \rightarrow 0^-时,为左导数f^{\prime}_-(x)$

$微分：df(x) = f^{\prime}(x) dx$
$关系：可导 \Longleftrightarrow 可微$

应用：
(1)利用导数定义解决的问题
1)推出三个基本的导数公式及求导数法则:
$\quad (C)^{\prime} = 0; (\ln{x})^{\prime} = \dfrac{1}{x}; (\sin{x})^{\prime} = \cos{x}$
$其他求导公式都可以由他们及求导法则推出$
2)求分段函数在分界点处的导数，及某些特殊函数在特殊点处的导数;
3)由导数定义证明一些命题
(2) 用导数定义求极限
(3)微分在近似计算与误差估计中的应用

$例1.设f^{\prime}(x_0)存在，求\\ \lim_{\Delta{x} \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{f(x_0 + \Delta{x} + (\Delta{x})^2) - f(x_0)}{\Delta{x}}}$
$\color{blue}{解：\\ \lim_{\Delta{x} \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{f(x_0 + \Delta{x} + (\Delta{x})^2) - f(x_0)}{\Delta{x}}} \\ = \lim_{\Delta{x} \rightarrow 0}{\Big[\dfrac{f(x_0 + \Delta{x} + (\Delta{x})^2) - f(x_0)}{(1 + \Delta{x})} \cdot \dfrac{1 + \Delta{x}}{\Delta{x}} \Big]} \\ = \lim_{\Delta{x} \rightarrow 0}{\Big[\dfrac{f(x_0 + \Delta{x} + (\Delta{x})^2) - f(x_0)}{(1 + \Delta{x}) \Delta{x}} \cdot (1 + \Delta{x}) \Big]} \\ = \lim_{\Delta{x} \rightarrow 0}{\Big[\dfrac{f(x_0 + \Delta{x} + (\Delta{x})^2) - f(x_0)}{(\Delta{x} + (\Delta{x})^2)} \cdot (1 + \Delta{x}) \Big]} \\ = f^{\prime}(x_0) \cdot \lim_{\Delta{x} \rightarrow 0}{(1 + \Delta{x})} \\ = f^{\prime}(x_0) \cdot 1 \\ = f^{\prime}(x_0) }$

$例2.若f(1) = 0且f^{\prime}(1) 存在,求\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{f(\sin^2{x} + \cos{x})}{(e^x - 1) \tan{x}}}$
$\color{blue}{解:\\ 利用洛必达法则\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{f(\sin^2{x} + \cos{x})}{(e^x - 1) \tan{x}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{f^{\prime}(\sin^2{x} + \cos{x})(\sin^2{x} + \cos{x})^{\prime}}{e^x \tan{x} + (e^x - 1) \cdot \dfrac{1}{\cos^2{x}}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{f^{\prime}(1)(2\sin{x} \cos{x} - \sin{x})}{e^x \dfrac{\sin{x}\cos{x}}{\cos^2{x}} + (e^x - 1) \cdot \dfrac{1}{\cos^2{x}}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{f^{\prime}(1) \sin{x}cos^2{x}(2\cos{x} - 1)}{e^x \sin{x}\cos{x}+ (e^x - 1) }} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{f^{\prime}(1) x cos^2{x}(2\cos{x} - 1)}{e^x x\cos{x}+ x}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{f^{\prime}(1) cos^2{x}(2\cos{x} - 1)}{e^x \cos{x}+ 1}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{f^{\prime}(1) \cdot 1^2 \cdot (2 \cdot 1 - 1)}{1 \cdot 1+ 1}} \\ = \dfrac{f^{\prime}(1)}{2} }$

二、导数和微分的求法
1.正确使用导数及微分公式和法则
2.熟练掌握求导方法和技巧
(1)求分段函数的导数
注意讨论界点处左右导数是否存在和相等
(2)隐函数求导法,对数微分法
(3)参数方程求导法，极坐标方程求导
(4)复合函数求导法(可利用微分形式不变性)
(5)高阶导数的求法,逐次求导，间接求导法,利用莱布尼兹公式

第二部分
中值定理及导数的应用
一、微分中值定理及其应用
1.微分中值定理及其应用
$罗尔定理：f^{\prime}(\xi) = 0$
$拉格朗日中值定理：f^{\prime}(\xi) = \dfrac{f(b) - f(a)}{b - a}$
2.微分中值定理的主要应用
(1)研究函数或导数的性态
(2)证明恒等式或不等式
(3)证明有关中值定理的结论
3.有关中值问题的解题方法
利用逆向思维，设置辅助函数.一般解题方法：
(1)证明含一个中值的等式或根存在,多用罗尔定理，可用原函数法找辅助函数.
(2)若结论中含有两个或两个以上的中值，必须多次应用中值定理.
(3)若已知条件中含有高阶导数,有时也可考虑对导数用中值定理
(4)若结论为不等式，要注意适当放大或缩小的技巧

$例1.设函数f(x)在(a, b)内可导,且|f^{\prime}(x)| \leq M\\ 证明f(x)在(a, b)内有界.$
$\color{blue}{证:\\ 取点x_0 \in (a, b),再取异于x_0的点x \in (a, b),对于\\ f(x)在以x_0, x为端点的区间上用拉格朗日中值定理, \\ f^{\prime}(\xi) = \dfrac{f(x) - f(x_0)}{x - x_0} \\ |f(x)| = |f(x_0) + f^{\prime}(\xi)(x - x_0)| \\ \leq |f(x_0)| + |f^{\prime}(\xi)||x - x_0| \\ \leq |f(x_0)| + M(b - a) = K(定数) \\ 对于任意x \in (a, b),|f(x)| \leq K，即得所证 }$

$例2.设f(x)在[0, 1]上连续,在(0, 1)内可导,且f(1) = 0,\\ 证明至存在一点\xi \in (0, 1),使f^{\prime}(\xi) = -\dfrac{2f(\xi)}{\xi}$
$\color{blue}{证:\\ 设辅助函数\varphi(x) = x^2 f(x)\\ 显然\varphi(x)在[0, 1]上满足罗尔定理条件,\\ 至少存在一点\xi \in (0, 1),使得\\ \varphi^{\prime}(\xi) = 2\xi f(\xi) + \xi^2f^{\prime}(\xi) = 0 \\ f^{\prime}(\xi) = -\dfrac{2f(\xi)}{\xi} }$

二、导数应用
1.研究函数的性态
增减、极值、凹凸、拐点、渐近线、曲率
2.解决最值问题
目标函数的建立与简化
最值的判定问题
3.其他应用：求不定式极限；几何应用；相关的变化率；证明不等式；研究方程的根