高数 06.01 定积分在几何学上的应用

$\color{blue}{第六章 定积分的应用}$

$\color{blue}{第六章 第一节 定积分在几何学上的应用}$

$\color{blue}{一、平面图形的面积}$

1.直角坐标情形

$设曲线y = f(x) (\geq 0)与直线x = a, x = b(a < b)\\ 及x轴所围曲边梯形的面积为A,则\\ dA = f(x)dx \\ A = \int_a^b{f(x)dx}$

$设曲线y = f_1(x), y = f_2(x)两条曲线在[a, b]间围出面积A,\\ A = \int_a^b{|f_1(x) - f_2(x)| dx}$

$例1.计算两条抛物线y^2 = x, y = x^2在第一象限所围图形的面积.$
$解:\\ x \in [0, +\infty),$
$由\left \{ \begin{array}{l}y^2 = x \\ y = x^2 \end{array} \right. 得交点(0, 0),(1, 1)$
$A = \int_0^1{(\sqrt{x} - x^2)dx} \\ = [\dfrac{2}{3}x^{\frac{3}{2}} - \dfrac{1}{3} x^3 ] _ 0^1 \\ = \dfrac{1}{3}$

$例2.计算抛物线y^2 = 2x与直线 y = x - 4所围图形的面积.$
$解：\\\\$
$由\left \{ \begin{array}{l}y^2 = 2x \\ y = x - 4 \end{array} \right. 解得焦点坐标(2, -2), (8, 4)$
$A = 2\int_0^2{\sqrt{2x}dx} + \int_2^8{[\sqrt{2x} - (x - 4)]dx} \\ = 2\sqrt{2} \cdot [\dfrac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}}]_0^2 + [\dfrac{2\sqrt{2}}{3}x^{\frac{3}{2}} - \dfrac{1}{2}x^2 + 4x]_2^8 \\ = 18 \\ 解法2，选取y为积分变量,则有\\ A = \int_{-2}^{4}{(y + 4 - \dfrac{1}{2}y^2)dy} \\ = [\dfrac{1}{2}y^2 + 4y - \dfrac{1}{6}y^3]_{-2}^{4} \\ = 18$

$例3.计算由曲线y = \dfrac{1}{x}与y = x, x = 2所围成图形的面积.$
$解：\\\\$
$由\left \{ \begin{array}{l}y = \dfrac{1}{x} \\ y = x \end{array} \right. 解得交点(1, 1)$
$A = \int_1^2{(x - \dfrac{1}{x})dx} \\ =[\dfrac{1}{2}x^2 - \ln{x}]_1^2 \\ = \dfrac{3}{2} - \ln{2}$

$例4.计算抛物线y = -x^2 + 4x - 3及其在点(0, -3)和(3, 0)处的切线所围图形的面积.$
$解:\\ y = -x^2 + 4x - 3 = 1 -(x - 2)^2 \\ y^{\prime} = -2x + 4 \\ 抛物线在(0, 3)处的切线方程为:\\ y^{\prime} | _{x = 0} = 4 \\ y - 3 = 4(x - 0) \\ y = 4x - 3 \\ 抛物线在(3, 0)处切线方程为:\\ y^{\prime} | _{x = 3} = -2 \\ y - 0 = -2(x - 3) \\ y = -2x + 6 \\ 两条切线的交点为(\dfrac{3}{2}, 3) \\ A = \int_0^{\frac{3}{2}}{[(4x - 3) - (-x^2 + 4x - 3)]dx} + \int_{\frac{3}{2}}^{3}{[(-2x + 6) - (-x^2 + 4x - 3)]dx}$
$= [\dfrac{1}{3}x^3]_0^{\frac{3}{2}} + [\dfrac{1}{3}x^3 -3x^2 + 9x]_{\frac{3}{2}}^{3}$
$= \dfrac{9}{4}$

$例5.计算y = e^x, y = e^{-x}与直线x = 1所围成图形的面积$
$解:\\ y = e^x, y = e^{-x}交点坐标(0, 1) \\ A = \int_0^1{(e^x - e^{-x})dx} \\ = [e^x + e^{-x}]_0^1 \\ = e + \dfrac{1}{e} - 2$

$例6.求抛物线y = 1 - x^2 在(0, 1)内的一条切线,使它与两坐标轴和抛物线所围成的面积最小.$
$解：\\ 设抛物线切点为M(x, 1 - x^2) \\ y^{\prime} = -2x \\ 则改点处的切线方程为 \\ Y - (1 - x^2) = -2x(X - x) \\ 它与x,y轴的交点分别为\\ (0, x^2 + 1), (\dfrac{x^2 + 1}{2x}, 0) \\ A = \dfrac{1}{2}\dfrac{(x^2 + 1)^2}{2x} - \int_0^1{(1 - x^2)dx} \\ = \dfrac{(x^2 + 1)^2}{4x} - [x - \dfrac{1}{3}x^3]_0^1\\ = \dfrac{(x^2 + 1)^2}{4x} - \dfrac{2}{3} \\ A^{\prime} = \dfrac{2(x^2+1)2x \cdot 4x - (x^2 +1)^2 \cdot 4}{16x^2} \\ = \dfrac{(x^2+1)(\sqrt{3}x + 1)(\sqrt{3}x - 1)}{4x^2} \\ 令A^{\prime} = 0,解得x = \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3} \\ x < \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}, A^{\prime} < 0; x > \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}, A^{\prime} > 0. \\ x = \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}为极小点，A= \dfrac{4\sqrt{3} - 6}{9}为最小值$

练习
$1.求由曲线y = \dfrac{1}{2}x^2 和 x^2 + y^2 = 8围成图像在上半平面的部分的面积.$
$解:\\ 两曲线焦点：(x^2 + 8)(x + 2)(x - 2) = 0\\ (-2, 2),(2, 2) \\ A = 2\int_0^2{(\sqrt{8 -x^2} - \dfrac{1}{2}x^2) dx} \\ = 2\int_0^2{\sqrt{8 -x^2}dx} - [\dfrac{1}{3}x^3]_0^2 \\ = 2\int_0^2{\sqrt{8 -x^2}dx} - \dfrac{8}{3} \\ 令x = 2\sqrt{2}\sin{t}, dx = 2\sqrt{2}\cos{t} dt, \sqrt{8 -x^2} = 2\sqrt{2}\cos{t}; \\ 当x = 0, t = 0; 当x = 2, t = \dfrac{\pi}{4} \\ A = 2\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}}{2\sqrt{2}\cos{t} \cdot 2\sqrt{2}\cos{t} dt} - \dfrac{8}{3} \\ = 16\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}}{\cos^2{t}dt} - \dfrac{8}{3}\\ = 8\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}}{(\cos{2t} + 1)dt} - \dfrac{8}{3}\\ = 4\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}}{d(\sin{2t})} + 2\pi - \dfrac{8}{3}\\ = 2\pi + \dfrac{4}{3}$

$2.求y = \ln{x}, y 轴与直线y = \ln {a} , y = \ln {b} b > a > 0所围成图形的面积$
$解:选择y为积分变量\\ A = \int_{\ln{a}}^{\ln{b} e^y dy} \\ = e^y |_{\ln{a}}^{\ln{b}} \\ = b - a$

2.极坐标情形

$设\varphi(\theta) \in C[\alpha, \beta], \varphi(\theta) \geq 0, 求由曲线r = \varphi(\theta) \\ 及射线\theta = \alpha, \theta = \beta围成的曲边扇形的面积.$
$解:\\ x = r\cos{\theta} \\ y = r\cos{\theta} \\ x^2 + y^2 = r^2 \\ $
$在区间[\alpha, \beta]上任取小区间[\theta, \theta + d\theta] \\ 则对应小区间上去边扇形面积的近似值为\\ \dfrac{1}{2}[\varphi(\theta)]^2 d\theta \\ 所求曲边扇形面积为\\ A = \dfrac{1}{2}\int_{\alpha}{\beta}{\varphi^2(\theta) d\theta}$

$例1.计算阿基米德螺线r = a\theta( a > 0) \\ 对应\theta从0变到2\pi所围成图形面积.$
$解:\\ A = \int_0^{2\pi}{\dfrac{1}{2}(a\theta)^2 d\theta} \\ = \dfrac{a^2}{2}[\dfrac{1}{3}\theta^3]_0^{2\pi} \\ = \dfrac{a^2}{6}[8\pi^3 - 0] \\ = \dfrac{4\pi^3a^2 }{3}$

$例2.求双扭线r^2 = a^2 \cos{2\theta}所围图形面积.$
$解:\\ 利用对称性，则所求面积为\\ A = 4 \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}}{\dfrac{1}{2}a^2\cos{2\theta} d\theta} \\ = a^2\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}}{\cos{2\theta} d(2\theta) } \\ = a^2 [\sin{2\theta}]_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \\ = a^2$

$例3.计算心形线r = a(1 + \cos{\theta})(a > 0)所围图形面积.$
$解:\\ A = 2\int_0^{\pi}{\dfrac{1}{2}a^2(1 + \cos{\theta})^2 d\theta} \\ = a^2 \int_0^{\pi}{4 \cos^4{\dfrac{\theta}{2}} d\theta} \\ 令t = \dfrac{\theta}{2}, \\ A = 8a^2 \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{ \cos^4{t} dt} \\ = 8a^2 \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{ (\dfrac{1 + \cos{2t}}{2})^2 dt} \\ = 8a^2 \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{ \dfrac{1 + 2\cos{2t} + \cos^2{2t}}{4} dt} \\ = 8a^2 \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{ [\dfrac{1 + 2\cos{2t}}{4} + \dfrac{1}{4} \cdot \dfrac{1 + \cos{4t}}{2}] dt} \\ = 8a^2 \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{ [\dfrac{3 + 4\cos{2t} + \cos{4t}}{8} ] dt} \\ = 8a^2 [\dfrac{3t + 2\sin{2t} + \frac{1}{4}\sin{4t}}{8} ] _0^{\frac{\pi}{2} } \\ = \dfrac{3}{2}\pi a^2$

$例4.计算心形线r = a(1 + \cos{\theta}) (a > 0)与圆r = a所围图形的面积.$
$解:\\ 领用对称性，\\ A = \dfrac{1}{2}\pi a^2 + 2\int_{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\pi}{\dfrac{1}{2}a^2(1 + cos{\theta})^2 d\theta }\\ = \dfrac{1}{2}\pi a^2 + a^2\int_{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\pi}{(\dfrac{3}{2} + 2\cos{\theta} + \frac{1}{2}\cos{2\theta}) d\theta } \\ = \dfrac{1}{2}\pi a^2 + a^2 [\dfrac{3}{2} \theta + 2\sin{\theta} + \frac{1}{4}\sin{2\theta}] _{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\pi} \\ = (\dfrac{5}{4} \pi - 2) a^2$

练习
$1.用定积分表示途中阴影部分的面积A.\\ (曲线x - 2y - 3 = 0 与 x = y^2所围面积)$
$解:\\ 曲线交点为(1, -1), (9, 3),用y做积分变量 \\ A = \int_{-1}^{3}{[(2y + 3) - (y^2)] dy} \\ = [y^2 + 3y -\dfrac{1}{3}y^3]_{-1}^{3} \\ = \dfrac{32}{3}$

$2.求曲线r_1 = a\cos{\theta} 与 r_2 = a(\cos{theta} + \sin{theta})\\ 所围成图形的公共部分的面积.$
$解:\\ 曲线1是(\dfrac{a}{2}, 0)为圆心,\dfrac{a}{2}为半径的圆\\ r_1 = a\cos{\theta} \Longrightarrow r_1r_1 = ar_1\cos{\theta} \\ \Longrightarrow x^2 + y^2 = ax \\ x^2 - ax + y^2 = 0 \\ (x - \dfrac{a}{2})^2 + y^2 = (\dfrac{a}{2})^2 \\ 曲线2是(\dfrac{a}{2}, \dfrac{a}{2})为圆心, \dfrac{a}{\sqrt{2}}为半径的圆\\ r_2^2 = ar_2\cos{theta} + ar_2\sin{theta} \\ x^2 + y^2 = ax + ay \\ (x - \dfrac{a}{2})^2 + (y - \dfrac{a}{2})^2 = (\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{2}})^2 \\ 令r_2(\theta) = 0,得\alpha = -\dfrac{\pi}{4} \\ 所围区域面积为\\ S = \dfrac{1}{2}\int_{-\frac{\pi}{4}}^{0}{[r_2(\theta)]^2 d\theta} + \dfrac{1}{2}\pi (\dfrac{a}{2})^2 \\ = \dfrac{a^2}{2}\int_{-\frac{\pi}{4}}^{0}{(\cos{\theta} + \sin{\theta})^2 d\theta} + \dfrac{\pi}{8}a^2 \\ = \dfrac{a^2}{2}[\theta - \dfrac{\cos{2\theta}}{2}]_{-\frac{\pi}{4}}^{0}+ \dfrac{\pi}{8}a^2 \\ =\dfrac{\pi -1}{4}a^2$

$\color{blue}{二、旋转体的体积}$

$连续曲线段y = f(x) (a \leq x \leq b)绕x轴旋转一周围成的立体的体积为$
$V = \int_a^b{\pi f^2(x) dx}$

$连续曲线段x = \varphi(y) (c \leq y \leq d) \\ 绕y轴旋转一周围成的立体体积为\\ V = \int_c^d{\pi \varphi^2(y) dy}$

$例1.计算由椭圆\dfrac{x^2}{a^2} + \dfrac{y^2}{b^2} = 1所围图形绕x轴旋转而成的椭球体的体积.$
$解:\\ y^2 = b^2(1 - \dfrac{x^2}{a^2}) \\ V = \int_{-a}^{a}{\pi y^2 dx} \\ = \pi \int_{-a}^{a}{(b^2 - \dfrac{b^2}{a^2} x^2) dx} \\ = \pi [b^2x - \dfrac{b^2}{3a^2} x^3]_{-a}^{a} \\ = \dfrac{4\pi}{3}ab^2$

$例2.求曲线y = 3 - |x^2 - 1| 与x轴围成的封闭图形\\ 绕直线y = 3旋转得的旋转体体积.$
$解:\\\\$
$y = \left \{ \begin{array}{l}-x^2 + 4 \quad |x| > 1 \\ x^2 + 2 \quad |x| \leq 1 \end{array} \right.$
$V = \pi \cdot 3^2 \cdot 4 - 2\int_0^1{\pi [3 - (x^2 + 2)]^2 dx} - 2\int_1^2{\pi [3 - (4 - x^2)]^2 dx} \\ = \pi \cdot 3^2 \cdot 4 - 2 \pi \int_0^1{(1 - x^2)^2 dx} - 2 \pi \int_1^2{(x^2 - 1)^2 dx} \\ = \dfrac{448}{15} \pi$

$例3.求由x^2 + y^2 \leq 2x 与y \geq x所围成的图形绕x轴旋转所得旋转体的体积.$
$解:\\ x^2 + y^2 = 2x 与y = x的交点(0, 0), (1, 1)\\ V = \int_0^1{\pi(2x - x^2 ) dx} - \int_0^1{\pi(x^2) dx} \\ = \int_0^1{\pi(2x - x^2 - x^2) dx} \\ = \pi [x^2 - \dfrac{2}{3}x^3]_0^1 \\ = \dfrac{\pi}{3}$

$例4.求y = 2x与y=4x - x^2所围区域绕y = 2x旋转所得旋转体体积.$
$解:\\ 曲线交点为(0, 0),(2, 4) \\ 曲线上任取一点P(x, 4x - x^2)到直线y = 2x的距离为\\ \rho = |\dfrac{2(x) + (-1)(4x - x^2) + 0}{\sqrt{2^2 + (-1)^2}}| = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{5}}|x^2 - 2x| \\ 以y = 2x为数轴u,则\\ dV = \pi \rho du \quad (du = \sqrt{5}dx)\\ =\pi \dfrac{1}{5}(x^2 - 2x)^2 \cdot \sqrt{5} dx \\ V = \int_0^2{\dfrac{\pi}{\sqrt{5}} (x^4 -4x^3 + 4x^2) dx} \\ = \dfrac{\sqrt{5}\pi}{5}[\dfrac{1}{5}x^5 - x^4 + \dfrac{4}{3}x^3]_0^2 \\ = \dfrac{16\sqrt{5}\pi}{75}$

内容小结
1.平面图形的面积
直角坐标情形:上曲线-下曲线 或左曲线-右曲线
极坐标方程:$A = \dfrac{1}{2}\int_{\alpha}^{\beta}{\varphi^2(\theta) d\theta}$
2.旋转体的体积
$y = f(x), a \leq x \leq b,x轴围成的图形绕x轴旋转\\ 而得到的旋转体体积为V = \int_a^b{\pi f^2(x) dx}$
$x = \varphi(y), c \leq y \leq d,y轴围成的图形绕y轴旋转\\ 而得到的旋转体体积为V = \int_c^d{\pi \varphi^2(y) dy}$