高数 08.03 齐次方程

$\color{blue}{\S 第八章 第三节 齐次方程}$

会识别齐次方程，会求解

$\color{blue}{齐次方程的定义}$

$形如\dfrac{dy}{dx} = \varphi(\dfrac{y}{x})的方程叫做{\color{blue}{齐次方程}}$
$解法:令 u = \dfrac{y}{x},则y = ux, \dfrac{dy}{dx} = u + x\dfrac{du}{dx}, \\ 代入原方程:u + x\dfrac{du}{dx} = \varphi(u) \\ 分离变量: \dfrac{du}{\varphi(u) - u} = \dfrac{dx}{x} \\ 两边积分,得: \int \dfrac{du}{\varphi(u) - u} = \int \dfrac{dx}{x} \\ 积分后再用\dfrac{y}{x}代替u,便得原方程的通解.$

$例1.解微分方程 y^{\prime} = \dfrac{y}{x} + \tan {\dfrac{y}{x}}.$
$解:令u = \dfrac{y}{x},则y^{\prime} = u + xu^{\prime}, 代入原方程得:\\ u + xu^{\prime} = u + \tan{u} \\ 分离变量: \dfrac{\cos{u}}{\sin{u}} du = \dfrac{dx}{x} \\ 两边积分: \ln |\sin{u}| = \ln |x| + \ln |C|, \\ 即 \sin{u} = Cx \\ 故原方程通解为 \sin{\dfrac{y}{x}} = Cx(C为任意常数) \\ (当C = 0时, y = 0也是方程的解)$

$例2.解微分方程(y^2 - 2xy)dx + x^2 dy = 0.$
$解: \\ (y^2 - 2xy)dx = -x^2 dy \\ \dfrac{dy}{dx} = - \dfrac{y^2 - 2xy}{x^2} \\ = 2\dfrac{y}{x} - (\dfrac{y}{x})^2 \\ 令 u = \dfrac{y}{x}, 则有\\ u + xu^{\prime} = 2u - u^2 \\ 分离变量:\dfrac{du}{u^2 - u} = -\dfrac{dx}{x} \\ 即:(\dfrac{1}{u - 1} - \dfrac{1}{u}) du = -\dfrac{dx}{x} \\ 积分得 \ln |\dfrac{u - 1}{u}| = -\ln |x| + \ln |C| \\ \dfrac{u - 1}{u} = \dfrac{C}{x} \\ 代回原变量得通解 x(y - x) = Cy (C为任意常数)\\ 说明:显然x = 0, y = 0, y = x也是原方程的解,但在求解过程中丢失了$

$例3.解微分方程(x + 2y)dx - xdy = 0$
$解: \\ \dfrac{dy}{dx} = 1 + 2\dfrac{y}{x} \\ 令 u = \dfrac{y}{x}, u + xu^{\prime} = 1 + 2u \\ \dfrac{du}{1 + u} = \dfrac{dx}{x} (x \neq 0, y \neq -x)\\ 积分得: \ln |1 + u| = \ln |x| + \ln |C| \\ 1 + u = Cx \\ 1 + \dfrac{y}{x} = Cx \\ x + y = Cx^2(C为任意常数) \\ (x = 0, y = -x也是方程的解)$