高数 08.06 微分方程习题课 02

微分方程习题课 02
(一)单选题
1.下面各微分方程中为一阶线性方程的是(\ \ {\color{blue}{B} }\ \ )
$A. xy^{\prime} + y^2 = x \quad B.y^{\prime} + xy = \sin{x} \\ C. yy^{\prime} = x \quad D. (y^{\prime})^2 + xy = 0$
$解:\\ A \dfrac{dy}{dx} + \dfrac{1}{x}y^2 = 1,不是\\ B \dfrac{dy}{dx} + xy = \sin{x} ,是$

$2.微分方程(x + y)y^{\prime} + (x - y) = 0的通解是(\ \ {\color{blue}{B} }\ \ )$
$A. \dfrac{1}{2}(x^2 + y^2) = Ce^{\arcsin{\frac{y}{x}}} \quad B. \arctan{\frac{y}{x}} + \ln {\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} = C \\ C. \ln (x^2 + y^2) = \arctan{\frac{y}{x}} + C \quad D.\sqrt{x^2 + y^2} = Ce^{\arctan{\frac{y}{x}}}$
$解:\\ (x + y)y^{\prime} + (x - y) = 0 \\ y^{\prime} = \dfrac{y - x}{y + x} = \dfrac{\dfrac{y}{x} - 1}{\dfrac{y}{x} + 1} \\ 令u = \dfrac{y}{x}, u + u^{\prime}x = y^{\prime} = \dfrac{u - 1}{u + 1} \\ u^{\prime}x = \dfrac{u - 1 - u^2 - u}{u + 1} = \dfrac{- 1 - u^2}{u + 1} \\ \dfrac{(u + 1)du}{u^2 + 1} = -\dfrac{dx}{x} \\ \int \dfrac{(u + 1)du}{u^2 + 1} = \int -\dfrac{dx}{x} \\ \dfrac{1}{2}\int \dfrac{d(u^2 + 1)}{u^2 + 1} + \int \dfrac{du}{u^2 + 1}= \int -\dfrac{dx}{x} \\ \dfrac{1}{2}\int \dfrac{d(u^2 + 1)}{u^2 + 1} + \int \dfrac{dx}{x}= -\int \dfrac{du}{u^2 + 1} \\ \dfrac{1}{2} ln (u^2 + 1) + \ln x = -\arcsin{u} + C \\ \dfrac{1}{2} ln (u^2 + 1)x^2 = -\arcsin{u} + C \\ \dfrac{1}{2} ln [(\frac{y}{x})^2 + 1]x^2 = -\arcsin{\dfrac{y}{x}} + C \\ ln \sqrt{x^2 + y^2} = -\arcsin{\dfrac{y}{x}} + C \\ ln \sqrt{x^2 + y^2} + \arcsin{\dfrac{y}{x}}= + C$

$3.微分方程y^{\prime} + \dfrac{y}{x} = \dfrac{1}{x(x^2 + 1)}的通解是(\ \ {\color{blue}{B} }\ \ )$
$A. \arctan{x} + C \quad B. \dfrac{1}{x}(\arctan{x} + C) \\ C.\dfrac{1}{x}\arctan{x} + C \quad D.\arctan{x} + \dfrac{C}{x}$
$解:\\ P(x) = \dfrac{1}{x}, Q(x) = \dfrac{1}{x(x^2 + 1)},\\ y = e^{-\int P(x) dx} [C + \int Q(x) e^{\int P(x) dx} dx] \\ = e^{-\int \dfrac{1}{x} dx} [C + \int \dfrac{1}{x(x^2 + 1)} e^{\int \dfrac{1}{x} dx} dx] \\ = e^{-\ln x} [C + \int \dfrac{1}{x(x^2 + 1)} e^{\ln x} dx] \\ = \dfrac{1}{x} [C + \int \dfrac{1}{x(x^2 + 1)} x dx] \\ = \dfrac{1}{x} [C + \int \dfrac{1}{(x^2 + 1)} dx] \\ = \dfrac{1}{x} (C + \arctan{x})$

$4.微分方程y^{\prime} - \dfrac{1}{2(y + 1)} =0的解是(\ \ {\color{blue}{D} }\ \ )$
$A. y = x^2 + 1 \quad B. y = (x + 1)^2 \\ C. x = y^2 + 1 \quad D. x = (y + 1)^2$
$解:\\ 变形得:\\ \dfrac{dx}{dy} = 2y + 2 \\ dx = (2y + 2) dy \\ \int dx = \int (2y + 2) dy \\ x = y^2 + 2y + C$

(二)填空题
$1.微分方程\dfrac{d^4 s}{dt^4} +s = s^4的自变量为\underline{\ \ t \ \ },未知函数为\underline{\ \ s \ \ }, 方程的阶数为\underline{\ \ 4 \ \ }$

$2.微分方程x^2y^{\prime} + y^2 = 0的自变量为\underline{\ \ x \ \ },未知函数为\underline{\ \ y \ \ }, 方程的阶数为\underline{\ \ 1 \ \ }$

$3.微分方程(x^2 + y^2)dx - xy dy = 0为一阶\underline{\ \ 齐次 \ \ } 方程$
$解:\\ (x^2 + y^2)dx = xy dy \\ \dfrac{dy}{dx} = \dfrac{y}{x} + \dfrac{1}{\frac{y}{x}}$

$4.微分方程\dfrac{dy}{dx} - \dfrac{1}{x}y = 0的通解是\underline{\ \ Cx \ \ }$
$解:\\ P(x) = -\dfrac{1}{x} , Q(x) = 0; \\ y = e^{-\int P(x) dx} [C + \int Q(x) e^{\int P(x) dx} dx] \\ = e^{-\int -\dfrac{1}{x} dx} [C + \int 0 e^{\int -\dfrac{1}{x} dx} dx] \\ = e^{\ln x} [C + 0] \\ = Cx$

$5.微分方程y^{\prime} + y = 0的同解是\underline{\ \ y = Ce^{-x} \ \ }$
$解:\\ \dfrac{dy}{dx} = -y \\ \dfrac{dy}{y} = -dx \\ \int \dfrac{dy}{y} = \int -dx \\ -x = \ln y + \ln C_1 \\ C_1y = e^{-x} \\ y = Ce^{-x}$

$6.微分方程dy - 2xdx = 0的通解为\underline{\ \ y = x^2 + C \ \ },\\ 满足y|_{x = 0} = 0的特解为\underline{\ \ y = x^2 \ \ }$
$解:\\ dy = 2xdx \\ y = x^2 + C \\ 0 = 0^2 + C, C = 0; y = x^2$

$6.微分方程y\ln{x} dx + x \ln y dy = 0的通解为\underline{\ \ (\ln y)^2 = - (\ln x)^2 + C \ \ },满足y|_{x = e^{\frac{1}{2}}} = e^{\frac{1}{2}}的特解为\underline{\ \ y = (\ln y)^2 = - (\ln x)^2 + \dfrac{1}{2} \ \ }$
$解:\\ y\ln{x} dx + x \ln y dy = 0 \\ \ln y \dfrac{dy}{y} = - \ln x \dfrac{dx}{x} \\ \int \ln y \dfrac{dy}{y} = \int - \ln x \dfrac{dx}{x} \\ \int \ln y d \ln y = \int - \ln x d \ln x \\ \int d (\ln y)^2 = - \int d (\ln x)^2 \\ (\ln y)^2 = - (\ln x)^2 + C \\ 把y|_{x = e^{\frac{1}{2}}} = e^{\frac{1}{2}}代入, C = \dfrac{1}{2} \\ 特解: (\ln y)^2 = - (\ln x)^2 + \dfrac{1}{2}$

(三)解答题
$1.求微分方程(1 + y^2)dx = -(1 + x^2) dy的通解$
$解:\\ \dfrac{dy}{1 + y^2} = -\dfrac{dx}{1 + x^2} \\ \int \dfrac{dy}{1 + y^2} = \int -\dfrac{dx}{1 + x^2} \\ 通解:\arctan{y} = -\arctan {x} + C$

$2.求微分方程\dfrac{dy}{dx} = -\dfrac{x}{y}的通解, 并求满足初始条件y(2) = 4的特解$
$解:\\ 方程变形:\\ ydy = -x dx \\ \int ydy = \int -x dx \\ \dfrac{1}{2} \int dy^2 = -\dfrac{1}{2} \int dx^2 \\ \int dy^2 = -\int dx^2 \\ 通解: x^2 + y^2 + C(C为任意常数) \\ 把y(2) = 4代入,C = 20,\\ 特解:x^2 + y^2 = 20$

$3.求微分方程xdy + dx = e^y dx的通解$
$解:\\ 方程变形得: xdy = (e^y -1) dx \\ \dfrac{dx}{x} = \dfrac {dy}{e^y -1} \\ \int \dfrac{dx}{x} = \int \dfrac {dy}{e^y -1} \\ \ln {x} = \int \dfrac {(1 - e^y + e^y)dy}{e^y -1} \\ = \int (\dfrac {e^y}{e^y -1} - 1)dy \\ = -y + \int \dfrac {e^y}{e^y -1}dy \\ = -y + \int \dfrac {d(e^y -1)}{e^y -1} \\ = -y + \ln(e^y - 1) + C \\ 即: \ln x = -y + \ln(e^y - 1) + C$

$4.求微分方程\sin{x}\cos{y} dx = \cos{x} \sin{y} dy的通解,并求满足初始条件y(0) = \dfrac{\pi}{4}的特解$
$解:\\ 方程变形得:\\ \tan{y} dy = \tan{x} dx \\ \int \tan{y} dy = \int \tan{x} dx \\ \int d \ln (\cos{y}) = \int d \ln (\cos{x}) \\ \ln (\cos{y}) = \ln (\cos{x}) + \ln C \\ 通解: \cos{y} = C\cos{x} (C为任意常数)\\ 把y(0) = \dfrac{\pi}{4}代入，得\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2} = C \cdot 1,\\ C = \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \\ 特解:\cos{y} = \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\cos{x}$

$5.求微分方程(e^{x + y} - e^x)dx + (e^{x + y} - e^y)dy = 0的通解$
$解：方程变形得:\\ e^x(e^y - 1)dx = -e^y(e^x - 1) dy \\ \dfrac{e^ydy}{e^y - 1} = -\dfrac{e^xdx}{e^x - 1} \\ \dfrac{d(e^y - 1)}{e^y - 1} = -\dfrac{d(e^x - 1)}{e^x - 1} \\ \int \dfrac{d(e^y - 1)}{e^y - 1} = \int -\dfrac{d(e^x - 1)}{e^x - 1} \\ \ln (e^y - 1) = - \ln (e^x - 1) + \ln C \\ \ln (e^x - 1)(e^y - 1) = \ln C \\ 通解: (e^x - 1)(e^y - 1) = C$

$例6.求微分方程\dfrac{dy}{dx} = \dfrac{y}{y - x}的通解$
$解:方程变形为:\\ \dfrac{dx}{dy} = 1 - \dfrac{x}{y} \\ 令 u = \dfrac{x}{y}, u + u^{\prime}y = x^{\prime} = 1 -u \\ u^{\prime}y = 1 - 2u \\ \dfrac{du}{1 - 2u} = \dfrac{dy}{y} \\ \int \dfrac{du}{1 - 2u} = \int \dfrac{dy}{y} \\ \int \dfrac{dy}{y} = -\dfrac{1}{2}\int \dfrac{d(1 - 2u)}{1 - 2u} \\ 2\int \dfrac{dy}{y} = -\int \dfrac{d(1 - 2u)}{1 - 2u} \\ 2\ln y = -\ln (1 - 2u) + \ln C \\ y^2(1 - 2u) = C \\ y^2(1 - 2\dfrac{x}{y}) = C \\ y^2 - 2xy = C$

$7.求微分方程x\dfrac{dy}{dx} = y(\ln y - \ln x)的通解$
$解:方程变形得:\\ \dfrac{dy}{dx} = \dfrac{y}{x} \ln \dfrac{y}{x} \\ 令 u = \dfrac{y}{x}, u + u{\prime}x = y^{\prime} = u \ln u \\ u^{\prime}x = u \ln u - u \\ \dfrac{du}{u (\ln u - 1)} = \dfrac{dx}{x} \\ \dfrac{d( \ln u -1)}{(\ln u - 1)} = d \ln x \\ d \ln ( \ln u -1) = d \ln x \\ \int d \ln ( \ln u -1) = \int d \ln x \\ \ln ( \ln u -1) = \ln x + \ln C \\ \ln u - 1 = Cx \\ \ln u = Cx + 1 \\ u = e^{Cx + 1} \\ \dfrac{y}{x} = e^{Cx + 1} \\ y = xe^{Cx + 1} (C为任意常数)$

$8.求微分方程x\dfrac{dy}{dx} - y - \sqrt{y^2 - x^2} = 0的通解,\\ 并求满足初始条件y(1) = 1的特解$
$解:方程变形为:\\ \dfrac{dy}{dx} = \dfrac{y}{x} + \sqrt{(\dfrac{y}{x})^2 - 1} \\ 令 u = \dfrac{y}{x}, u + u^{\prime}x = y^{\prime} = u + \sqrt{u^2 - 1} \\ u^{\prime}x = \sqrt{u^2 - 1} \\ \dfrac{du}{\sqrt{u^2 - 1}} = \dfrac{dx}{x} \\ \int \dfrac{du}{\sqrt{u^2 - 1}} = \int \dfrac{dx}{x}$
参考高数04.02换元法 例3
$\ln |u + \sqrt{u^2 - 1}| = \ln |x| + \ln |C| \\ u + \sqrt{u^2 - 1} = Cx \\ \dfrac{y}{x} + \sqrt{(\dfrac{y}{x})^2 -1} = Cx \\ 通解: y + \sqrt{y^2 - x^2} = Cx^2 (C为任意常数) \\ 把 y(1) = 1代入, C = 1, 特解:y + \sqrt{y^2 - x^2} = x^2$

$例9.求微分方程(x + y)\dfrac{dy}{dx} + (x - y) = 0的通解$
$解:\\方程变形为: \\ \dfrac{dy}{dx} = \dfrac{y - x}{y + x} = \dfrac{\dfrac{y}{x} - 1}{\dfrac{y}{x} + 1}\\ 令 u= \dfrac{y}{x}, u + u^{\prime}x = y^{\prime} = \dfrac{u - 1}{u + 1} \\ u^{\prime}x = \dfrac{u - 1 - u^2 - u}{u + 1} = -\dfrac{1 + u^2 }{u + 1}\\ \dfrac{(u + 1)du}{1 + u^2 } = -\dfrac{dx}{x} \\ \int \dfrac{(u + 1)du}{1 + u^2 } = -\int \dfrac{dx}{x} \\ \dfrac{1}{2}\int \dfrac{d(1 + u^2)}{1 + u^2} + \int \dfrac{du}{1 + u^2} = -\int d \ln x \\ \ln (1 + u^2) + 2\arctan{u} = -\ln x^2 -\ln C \\ \ln Cx^2(1 + u^2) + 2\arctan{u} = 0\\ \ln C(x^2 + y^2) + 2\arctan{\dfrac{y}{x}} = 0$

$10.求微分方程(x - y\cos{\dfrac{y}{x}})dx + x \cos{\dfrac{y}{x}} dy = 0的通解$
$解:方程变形得:\\ \dfrac{dy}{dx} = -\dfrac{(x - y\cos{\dfrac{y}{x}})}{x \cos{\dfrac{y}{x}}} \\ = -\dfrac{(1 - \dfrac{y}{x}\cos{\dfrac{y}{x}})}{\cos{\dfrac{y}{x}}} \\ 令u = \dfrac{y}{x}, u + u^{\prime}x = y^{\prime} = -\dfrac{(1 -u\cos{u})}{cos{u}} \\ u^{\prime}x = -\dfrac{1 -u\cos{u} + u\cos{u}}{cos{u}} \\ = -\dfrac{1}{cos{u}} \\ \cos{u} du = -\dfrac{dx}{x} \\ d\sin{u} = -d \ln x \\ \int d\sin{u} = \int -d \ln x \\ \sin{u} = - ln x + C \\ 通解: \sin{\dfrac{y}{x}} = - ln x + C$

$11.求微分方程xy^{\prime} + y = x^2 + 3x + 2的通解$
$解:方程变形为:\\ y^{\prime} + \dfrac{1}{x} y = x + 3 + \dfrac{2}{x} \\ P(x) = \dfrac{1}{x}, Q(x) = x + 3 + \dfrac{2}{x} \\ y = e^{-\int P(x) dx} [C + \int Q(x) e^{\int P(x) dx} dx] \\ = e^{-\int \dfrac{1}{x} dx} [C + \int (x + 3 + \dfrac{2}{x}) e^{\int \dfrac{1}{x} dx} dx] \\ = \dfrac{1}{x} [C + \int (x + 3 + \dfrac{2}{x}) x dx] \\ = \dfrac{1}{x} [C + \int (x^2 + 3x + 2) dx] \\ = \dfrac{1}{x} [C + \dfrac{1}{3}x^3 + \dfrac{3}{2}x^2 + 2x] \\ = \dfrac{1}{3}x^2 + \dfrac{3}{2}x + 2 +\dfrac{C}{x} \\ 通解:y = \dfrac{1}{3}x^2 + \dfrac{3}{2}x + 2 +\dfrac{C}{x}$

$12求微分方程y^{\prime} + \dfrac{y}{x} = \sin{x}的通解$
$解:\\ P(x) = \dfrac{1}{x}, Q(x) = \sin{x}, \\ y = e^{-\int P(x) dx} [C + \int Q(x) e^{\int P(x) dx} dx] \\ = e^{-\int \dfrac{1}{x} dx} [C + \int \sin{x} e^{\int \dfrac{1}{x} dx} dx] \\ = \dfrac{1}{x} [C + \int x\sin{x} dx] \\ = \dfrac{1}{x} [C - \int x d\cos{x}] \\ = \dfrac{1}{x} [C - x\cos{x} + \int \cos{x} dx] \\ = \dfrac{1}{x} [C - x\cos{x} + \sin{x}] \\ = \dfrac{C}{x} - \cos{x} + \dfrac{\sin{x}}{x} \\ 通解:y = \dfrac{C}{x} - \cos{x} + \dfrac{\sin{x}}{x}$

$13.求微分方程\dfrac{dy}{dx} + 2xy = xe^{-x^2}的通解$
$解:\\ P(x) = 2x, Q(x) = xe^{-x^2}; \\ y = e^{-\int P(x) dx}[C + \int Q(x) e^{\int P(x) dx} dx] \\ = e^{-\int 2x dx}[C + \int xe^{-x^2} e^{\int 2x dx} dx] \\ = e^{-x^2}[C + \int xe^{-x^2} e^{x^2} dx] \\ = e^{-x^2}[C + \int x dx] \\ = e^{-x^2}[C + \dfrac{1}{2}x^2] \\ 通解: y = e^{-x^2}(C + \dfrac{1}{2}x^2)$

$14.求微分方程x^2y^{\prime} - y = x^2e^{x - \frac{1}{x}}的通解$
$解:\\ 方程变形:y^{\prime} -\dfrac{1}{x^2}y = e^{x - \frac{1}{x}} \\ P(x) = -\dfrac{1}{x^2}, Q(x) = e^{x - \frac{1}{x}}; \\ y = e^{-\int P(x) dx} [C + \int Q(x) e^{\int P(x) dx} dx] \\ = e^{-\int -\dfrac{1}{x^2} dx} [C + \int e^{x - \frac{1}{x}} e^{\int -\dfrac{1}{x^2} dx} dx] \\ = e^{-\frac{1}{x}} [C + \int e^{x - \frac{1}{x}} e^{\frac{1}{x}} dx] \\ = e^{-\frac{1}{x}} [C + \int e^{x} dx] \\ = e^{-\frac{1}{x}} (C + e^{x}) \\ 通解:y = = e^{-\frac{1}{x}} (C + e^{x})$

$15.求微分方程(1 + x^2) y^{\prime} - 2xy = (1 + x^2)^2的通解$
$解:方程变形为:\\ y^{\prime} - \dfrac{2x}{1 + x^2}y = (1 + x^2) \\ P(x) = - \dfrac{2x}{1 + x^2}, Q(x) = (1 + x^2); \\ y = e^{-\int P(x) dx} [C + \int Q(x) e^{\int P(x) dx} dx] \\ = e^{-\int - \dfrac{2x}{1 + x^2} dx} [C + \int (1 + x^2) e^{\int - \dfrac{2x}{1 + x^2} dx} dx] \\ = (1 + x^2) [C + \int (1 + x^2) \dfrac{1}{1 + x^2}dx] \\ = (1 + x^2) [C + \int dx] \\ = (1 + x^2) (C + x) \\ 通解：y = = (1 + x^2) (C + x)$

$16.求微分方程(x + y^2) y^{\prime} = y的通解$
$解:方程变形为：\\ \dfrac{dx}{dy} = \dfrac{x + y^2}{y} \\ x^{\prime} -\dfrac{1}{y}x = y \\ P(y) = -\dfrac{1}{y}, Q(y) = y; \\ x = e^{-\int P(y) dy} [C + \int Q(y) e^{\int P(y) dy} dy] \\ = e^{-\int -\dfrac{1}{y} dy} [C + \int y e^{\int -\dfrac{1}{y} dy} dy] \\ = y [C + \int y \dfrac{1}{y} dy] \\ = y [C + \int dy] \\ = y [C + y] \\ 通解: x = Cy + y^2$

$17.求微分方程(x - \sin{y})dy + \tan{y} dx = 0的通解,\\ 并求满足初始条件y(1) = \dfrac{\pi}{6}的特解.$
$解:方程变形为:\\ \dfrac{dx}{dy} = \dfrac{\sin{y} - x}{\tan{y}} \\ \dfrac{dx}{dy} + \dfrac{\cos y}{\sin y} x = \cos y \\ P(y) = \dfrac{\cos y}{\sin y}, Q(y) = \cos y; \\ x = e^{-\int P(y) dy} [C + \int Q(y) e^{\int P(y) dy} dy] \\ = e^{-\int \dfrac{\cos y}{\sin y} dy} [C + \int \cos y e^{\int \frac{\cos y}{\sin y} dy} dy] \\ = \dfrac{1}{\sin y} [C + \int \cos y \sin y dy] \\ = \dfrac{1}{\sin y} [C + \dfrac{1}{2}\sin^2 y] \\ 通解: x = \dfrac{C}{\sin y} + \dfrac{1}{2} \sin y \\ 把y(1) = \dfrac{\pi}{6}代入，1 = 2C + \dfrac{1}{4}, C = \dfrac{3}{8} \\ 特解: x = \dfrac{3}{8\sin y} + \dfrac{1}{2} \sin y$