tr 命令
关于 tr
tr : translate characters
语法
tr [-Ccsu] string1 string2
tr [-Ccu] -d string1
tr [-Ccu] -s string1
tr [-Ccu] -ds string1 string2
参数说明
-c
,--complement
:反选设定字符。也就是符合 SET1 的部份不做处理,不符合的剩余部份才进行转换-d
,--delete
:删除指令字符-s
,--squeeze-repeats
:缩减连续重复的字符成指定的单个字符-t
,--truncate-set1
:削减 SET1 指定范围,使之与 SET2 设定长度相等--help
:显示程序用法信息--version
:显示程序本身的版本信息
字符集合的范围
\NNN
, 八进制值的字符 NNN (1 to 3 为八进制值的字符)\
, 反斜杠\a
, Ctrl-G 铃声\b
, Ctrl-H 退格符\f
, Ctrl-L 走行换页\n
, Ctrl-J 新行\r
, Ctrl-M 回车\t
, Ctrl-I tab键\v
, Ctrl-X 水平制表符
[:digit:]
, 所有数字[:lower:]
, 所有小写字母[:upper:]
, 所有大写字母[:alpha:]
, 所有字母字符[:alnum:]
, 所有字母字符与数字[:blank:]
, 所有水平空格[:space:]
, 所有水平与垂直空格符[:cntrl:]
, 所有控制字符[:print:]
, 所有可打印的字符(包含空格符)[:graph:]
, 所有可打印的字符(不包含空格符)[:punct:]
, 所有标点字符[:xdigit:]
, 所有 16 进位制的数字[=CHAR=]
, 所有符合指定的字符(等号里的CHAR
,代表你可自订的字符)
CHAR1-CHAR2
:字符范围从CHAR1
到CHAR2
的指定,范围的指定以 ASCII 码的次序为基础,只能由小到大,不能由大到小。[CHAR*]
, 这是 SET2 专用的设定,功能是重复指定的字符到与 SET1 相同长度为止[CHAR*REPEAT]
, 这也是 SET2 专用的设定,功能是重复指定的字符到设定的 REPEAT 次数为止(REPEAT 的数字采 8 进位制计算,以 0 为开始)
使用示例
大小写转换
# 大写 -- 小写
$ echo "HELLO WORLD" | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z'
hello world
$ echo "HELLO world" | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]
HELLO WORLD
# 小写 -- 大写
$ echo "HELLO world" | tr a-z A-Z
HELLO WORLD
查看文件,将小写字母全部转换成大写字母
$ cat /Users/luyi/Desktop/a.txt | tr a-z A-Z
123
ABC
AAA
效果同上
$ cat /Users/luyi/Desktop/a.txt | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]
删除
# 删除所有数字
$ echo "hello 123 world 456" | tr -d '0-9'
hello world
$ echo "hello 123 world 456" | tr -d [:digit:]
hello world
反选删除
# 删除非数字
$ echo "hello 123 world 456" | tr -d -c [:digit:]
123456
$ echo "hello 123 world 456" | tr -cd '0-9'
123456
# -c 和 -d 位置替换一样
$ echo "hello 123 world 456" | tr -c -d [:digit:]
123456
# '0-9 ' 保留空格
$ echo "hello 123 world 456" | tr -d -c '0-9 '
123 456
# 删除文件file中出现的换行'n'、制表't'字符
cat file | tr -d "nt"
删除换行(常用)
cat a.txt | tr -d '\n' > b.txt
替换
$ echo 'abc' | tr 'b' 'e'
aec
组替换
数字替换为字母
$ echo 'abcd' | tr [a-z] [0-9]
0123
$ echo 'abcgh' | tr [a-z] [0-9]
01267
$ echo 'abcdefghijklmnopq' | tr [a-z] [0-9]
0123456789]]]]]]]
非 替换
# 将 0-9 替换为 *
$ echo "hello 123 world 456" | tr '0-9' '*'
hello *** world ***
# 将非 0-9 替换为 *
$ echo "hello 123 world 456" | tr -c '0-9' '*'
******123*******456*
压缩
$ echo 'aaabbbbbcc' | tr -s 'a'
abbbbbcc
$ echo 'aaabbbbbcc' | tr -s 'ab'
abcc
$ echo 'aaabbbbbcc' | tr -s 'ab'
abcc
$ echo 'aaabbbbbcc' | tr -s 'abc'
abc
$ echo 'aaabbbbbcc111' | tr -s 'abc'
abc111
$ echo 'aaabbbbbcc111' | tr -s 'abc0-9'
abc1
$ echo 'aaabbbbbcc111' | tr -s [a-z]
$ echo 'aaabbbbbcc111' | tr -s [a-z0-9]
abc1
manual
NAME
tr – translate characters
SYNOPSIS
tr [-Ccsu] string1 string2
tr [-Ccu] -d string1
tr [-Ccu] -s string1
tr [-Ccu] -ds string1 string2
DESCRIPTION
The tr utility copies the standard input to the standard output with substitution or deletion of selected characters.
The following options are available:
-
-C
, Complement the set of characters in string1, that is-C ab
includes every character except fora
andb
. -
-c
, Same as -C but complement the set of values in string1. -
-d
, Delete characters in string1 from the input. -
-s
, Squeeze multiple occurrences of the characters listed in the last operand (either string1 or string2) in the input into a single instance of the character.
This occurs after all deletion and translation is completed. -
-u
, Guarantee that any output is unbuffered.
In the first synopsis form, the characters in string1 are translated into the characters in string2 where the first character in string1 is translated into the first character in string2 and so on.
If string1 is longer than string2, the last character found in string2 is duplicated until string1 is
exhausted.
In the second synopsis form, the characters in string1 are deleted from the input.
In the third synopsis form, the characters in string1 are compressed as described for the -s option.
In the fourth synopsis form, the characters in string1 are deleted from the input, and the characters in string2 are compressed as described for the -s option.
The following conventions can be used in string1 and string2 to specify sets of characters:
character Any character not described by one of the following conventions represents itself.
\octal
,
A backslash followed by 1, 2 or 3 octal digits represents a character with that encoded value.
To follow an octal sequence with a digit as a character, left zero-pad the octal sequence to the full 3 octal digits.\character
A backslash followed by certain special characters maps to special values.\a
,\b
,\f
,\n
,\r
,\t
,\v
,
A backslash followed by any other character maps to that character.
c-c
, For non-octal range endpoints represents the range of characters between the range endpoints, inclusive, in ascending order, as defined by the collation sequence.
If either or both of the range endpoints are octal sequences, it represents the range of specific coded values between the range endpoints, inclusive.
See the COMPATIBILITY section below for an important note regarding differences in the way the current implementation interprets range expressions differently from previous implementations.
[:class:]
Represents all characters belonging to the defined character class. Class names are:alnum
,alpha
,blank
,cntrl
,digit
,graph
,ideogram
,lower
,phonogram
,print
,punct
,rune
,space
,special
,upper
,xdigit
,
When [:lower:]
appears in string1 and [:upper:]
appears in the same relative position in string2, it represents the characters pairs from the toupper mapping in the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale.
When [:upper:]
appears in string1 and [:lower:]
appears in the same relative position in string2, it represents the characters pairs from the tolower mapping in the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale.
With the exception of case conversion, characters in the classes are in unspecified order.
For specific information as to which ASCII characters are included in these classes, see ctype(3) and related manual pages.
[=equiv=]
Represents all characters belonging to the same equivalence class as equiv, ordered by their encoded values.
[#*n]
, Represents n repeated occurrences of the character represented by #. This expression is only valid when it occurs in string2.
If n is omitted or is zero, it is be interpreted as large enough to extend string2 sequence to the length of string1. If n has a leading zero, it is interpreted as an octal value, otherwise, it is interpreted as a decimal value.
ENVIRONMENT
The LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE and LC_COLLATE environment variables affect the execution of tr as described in environ(7).
EXIT STATUS
The tr utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
EXAMPLES
The following examples are shown as given to the shell:
Create a list of the words in file1, one per line, where a word is taken to be a maximal string of letters.
tr -cs "[:alpha:]" "\n" < file1
Translate the contents of file1 to upper-case.
tr "[:lower:]" "[:upper:]" < file1
(This should be preferred over the traditional UNIX idiom of tr a-z A-Z
, since it works correctly in all locales.)
Strip out non-printable characters from file1.
tr -cd "[:print:]" < file1
Remove diacritical marks from all accented variants of the letter e
:
tr "[=e=]" "e"
COMPATIBILITY
Previous FreeBSD implementations of tr did not order characters in range expressions according to the current locale’s collation order, making it possible to convert unaccented Latin characters (esp. as found in English text) from upper to lower case using the traditional UNIX idiom of tr A-Z a-z
.
Since tr now obeys the locale’s collation order, this idiom may not produce correct results when there is not a 1:1 mapping between lower and upper case, or when the order of characters within the two cases differs. As noted in the EXAMPLES section above, the character class expressions [:lower:]
and [:upper:]
should be used instead of explicit character ranges like a-z
and A-Z
.
[=equiv=]
expression and collation for ranges are implemented for single byte locales only.
System V has historically implemented character ranges using the syntax [c-c]
instead of the c-c
used by historic BSD implementations and standardized by POSIX.
System V shell scripts should work under this implementation as long as the range is intended to map in another range, i.e., the command tr [a-z] [A-Z]
will work as it will map the [
character in string1 to the [
character in string2.
However, if the shell script is deleting or squeezing characters as in the command tr -d [a-z]
, the characters [
and ]
will be included in the deletion or compression list which would not have happened under a historic System V implementation.
Additionally, any scripts that depended on the sequence a-z
to represent the three characters a
, -
and z
will have to be rewritten as a\-z
.
The tr utility has historically not permitted the manipulation of NUL bytes in its input and, additionally, stripped NUL’s from its input stream.
This implementation has removed this behavior as a bug.
The tr utility has historically been extremely forgiving of syntax errors, for example, the -c and -s options were ignored unless two strings were specified. This implementation will not permit illegal syntax.
STANDARDS
The tr utility conforms to IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (POSIX.1
). The ideogram
, phonogram
, rune
, and special
character classes are extensions.
It should be noted that the feature wherein the last character of string2 is duplicated if string2 has less characters than string1 is permitted by POSIX but is not required. Shell scripts attempting to be portable to other POSIX systems should use the [#*]
convention instead of relying on this
behavior. The -u option is an extension to the IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (POSIX.1
) standard.
2022-08-16(二) 伊织