PHP是单继承的语言,在PHP 5.4 Traits出现之前,PHP的类无法同时从两个基类继承属性或方法。php的Traits和Go语言的组合功能类似,通过在类中使用use关键字声明要组合的Trait名称,而具体某个Trait的声明使用trait关键词,Trait不能直接实例化。具体用法请看下面的代码:
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<?php
trait Drive {
public
$carName
=
'trait'
;
public
function
driving() {
echo
"driving {$this->carName}\n"
;
}
}
class
Person {
public
function
eat() {
echo
"eat\n"
;
}
}
class
Student
extends
Person {
use
Drive;
public
function
study() {
echo
"study\n"
;
}
}
$student
=
new
Student();
$student
->study();
$student
->eat();
$student
->driving();
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输出结果如下:
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study
eat
driving trait
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上面的例子中,Student类通过继承Person,有了eat方法,通过组合Drive,有了driving方法和属性carName。
如果Trait、基类和本类中都存在某个同名的属性或者方法,最终会保留哪一个呢?通过下面的代码测试一下:
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<?php
trait Drive {
public
function
hello() {
echo
"hello drive\n"
;
}
public
function
driving() {
echo
"driving from drive\n"
;
}
}
class
Person {
public
function
hello() {
echo
"hello person\n"
;
}
public
function
driving() {
echo
"driving from person\n"
;
}
}
class
Student
extends
Person {
use
Drive;
public
function
hello() {
echo
"hello student\n"
;
}
}
$student
=
new
Student();
$student
->hello();
$student
->driving();
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输出结果如下:
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hello student
driving from drive
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因此得出结论:当方法或属性同名时,当前类中的方法会覆盖 trait的 方法,而 trait 的方法又覆盖了基类中的方法。
如果要组合多个Trait,通过逗号分隔 Trait名称:
use Trait1, Trait2;
如果多个Trait中包含同名方法或者属性时,会怎样呢?答案是当组合的多个Trait包含同名属性或者方法时,需要明确声明解决冲突,否则会产生一个致命错误。
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<?php
trait Trait1 {
public
function
hello() {
echo
"Trait1::hello\n"
;
}
public
function
hi() {
echo
"Trait1::hi\n"
;
}
}
trait Trait2 {
public
function
hello() {
echo
"Trait2::hello\n"
;
}
public
function
hi() {
echo
"Trait2::hi\n"
;
}
}
class
Class1 {
use
Trait1, Trait2;
}
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输出结果如下:
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PHP Fatal error: Trait method hello has not been applied, because there are collisions with other trait methods on Class1 in ~/php54/trait_3.php on line 20
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使用insteadof和as操作符来解决冲突,insteadof是使用某个方法替代另一个,而as是给方法取一个别名,具体用法请看代码:
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<?php
trait Trait1 {
public
function
hello() {
echo
"Trait1::hello\n"
;
}
public
function
hi() {
echo
"Trait1::hi\n"
;
}
}
trait Trait2 {
public
function
hello() {
echo
"Trait2::hello\n"
;
}
public
function
hi() {
echo
"Trait2::hi\n"
;
}
}
class
Class1 {
use
Trait1, Trait2 {
Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;
Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;
}
}
class
Class2 {
use
Trait1, Trait2 {
Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;
Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;
Trait2::hi
as
hei;
Trait1::hello
as
hehe;
}
}
$Obj1
=
new
Class1();
$Obj1
->hello();
$Obj1
->hi();
echo
"\n"
;
$Obj2
=
new
Class2();
$Obj2
->hello();
$Obj2
->hi();
$Obj2
->hei();
$Obj2
->hehe();
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输出结果如下:
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Trait2::hello
Trait1::hi
Trait2::hello
Trait1::hi
Trait2::hi
Trait1::hello
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as关键词还有另外一个用途,那就是修改方法的访问控制:
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<?php
trait Hello {
public
function
hello() {
echo
"hello,trait\n"
;
}
}
class
Class1 {
use
Hello {
hello
as
protected
;
}
}
class
Class2 {
use
Hello {
Hello::hello
as
private
hi;
}
}
$Obj1
=
new
Class1();
$Obj1
->hello(); # 报致命错误,因为hello方法被修改成受保护的
$Obj2
=
new
Class2();
$Obj2
->hello(); # 原来的hello方法仍然是公共的
$Obj2
->hi(); # 报致命错误,因为别名hi方法被修改成私有的
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Trait 也能组合Trait,Trait中支持抽象方法、静态属性及静态方法,测试代码如下:
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<?php
trait Hello {
public
function
sayHello() {
echo
"Hello\n"
;
}
}
trait World {
use
Hello;
public
function
sayWorld() {
echo
"World\n"
;
}
abstract
public
function
getWorld();
public
function
inc() {
static
$c
= 0;
$c
=
$c
+ 1;
echo
"$c\n"
;
}
public
static
function
doSomething() {
echo
"Doing something\n"
;
}
}
class
HelloWorld {
use
World;
public
function
getWorld() {
return
'get World'
;
}
}
$Obj
=
new
HelloWorld();
$Obj
->sayHello();
$Obj
->sayWorld();
echo
$Obj
->getWorld() .
"\n"
;
HelloWorld::doSomething();
$Obj
->inc();
$Obj
->inc();
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输出结果如下:
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Hello
World
get World
Doing something
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