<div class="x-wiki-content x-main-content"><p>当我们拿到一个对象的引用时，如何知道这个对象是什么类型、有哪些方法呢？</p>
<h3>使用type()</h3>
<p>首先，我们来判断对象类型，使用<code>type()</code>函数：</p>
<p>基本类型都可以用<code>type()</code>判断：</p>
<pre><code class="java">>>> type(<span class="number">123</span>)
<<span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> '<span class="title">int</span>'>
>>> <span class="title">type</span>('<span class="title">str</span>')
<<span class="title">class</span> '<span class="title">str</span>'>
>>> <span class="title">type</span>(<span class="title">None</span>)
<<span class="title">type</span>(<span class="title">None</span>) '<span class="title">NoneType</span>'>
</span></code></pre>
<p>如果一个变量指向函数或者类，也可以用<code>type()</code>判断：</p>
<pre><code class="java">>>> type(abs)
<<span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> '<span class="title">builtin_function_or_method</span>'>
>>> <span class="title">type</span>(<span class="title">a</span>)
<<span class="title">class</span> '<span class="title">__main__</span>.<span class="title">Animal</span>'>
</span></code></pre>
<p>但是<code>type()</code>函数返回的是什么类型呢？它返回对应的Class类型。如果我们要在<code>if</code>语句中判断，就需要比较两个变量的type类型是否相同：</p>
<pre><code class="python"><span class="prompt">>>> </span>type(<span class="number">123</span>)==type(<span class="number">456</span>)
<span class="built_in">True</span>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>type(<span class="number">123</span>)==int
<span class="built_in">True</span>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>type(<span class="string">'abc'</span>)==type(<span class="string">'123'</span>)
<span class="built_in">True</span>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>type(<span class="string">'abc'</span>)==str
<span class="built_in">True</span>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>type(<span class="string">'abc'</span>)==type(<span class="number">123</span>)
<span class="built_in">False</span>
</code></pre>
<p>判断基本数据类型可以直接写<code>int</code>，<code>str</code>等，但如果要判断一个对象是否是函数怎么办？可以使用<code>types</code>模块中定义的常量：</p>
<pre><code class="python"><span class="prompt">>>> </span><span class="keyword">import</span> types
<span class="prompt">>>> </span><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">fn</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span>
<span class="prompt">... </span> <span class="keyword">pass</span>
...
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>type(fn)==types.FunctionType
<span class="built_in">True</span>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>type(abs)==types.BuiltinFunctionType
<span class="built_in">True</span>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>type(<span class="keyword">lambda</span> x: x)==types.LambdaType
<span class="built_in">True</span>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>type((x <span class="keyword">for</span> x <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">10</span>)))==types.GeneratorType
<span class="built_in">True</span>
</code></pre>
<h3>使用isinstance()</h3>
<p>对于class的继承关系来说，使用<code>type()</code>就很不方便。我们要判断class的类型，可以使用<code>isinstance()</code>函数。</p>
<p>我们回顾上次的例子，如果继承关系是：</p>
<pre><code class="undefined">object -> Animal -> Dog -> Husky
</code></pre>
<p>那么，<code>isinstance()</code>就可以告诉我们，一个对象是否是某种类型。先创建3种类型的对象：</p>
<pre><code class="python"><span class="prompt">>>> </span>a = Animal()
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>d = Dog()
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>h = Husky()
</code></pre>
<p>然后，判断：</p>
<pre><code class="python"><span class="prompt">>>> </span>isinstance(h, Husky)
<span class="built_in">True</span>
</code></pre>
<p>没有问题，因为<code>h</code>变量指向的就是Husky对象。</p>
<p>再判断：</p>
<pre><code class="python"><span class="prompt">>>> </span>isinstance(h, Dog)
<span class="built_in">True</span>
</code></pre>
<p><code>h</code>虽然自身是Husky类型，但由于Husky是从Dog继承下来的，所以，<code>h</code>也还是Dog类型。换句话说，<code>isinstance()</code>判断的是一个对象是否是该类型本身，或者位于该类型的父继承链上。</p>
<p>因此，我们可以确信，<code>h</code>还是Animal类型：</p>
<pre><code class="python"><span class="prompt">>>> </span>isinstance(h, Animal)
<span class="built_in">True</span>
</code></pre>
<p>同理，实际类型是Dog的<code>d</code>也是Animal类型：</p>
<pre><code class="python"><span class="prompt">>>> </span>isinstance(d, Dog) <span class="keyword">and</span> isinstance(d, Animal)
<span class="built_in">True</span>
</code></pre>
<p>但是，<code>d</code>不是Husky类型：</p>
<pre><code class="python"><span class="prompt">>>> </span>isinstance(d, Husky)
<span class="built_in">False</span>
</code></pre>
<p>能用<code>type()</code>判断的基本类型也可以用<code>isinstance()</code>判断：</p>
<pre><code class="python"><span class="prompt">>>> </span>isinstance(<span class="string">'a'</span>, str)
<span class="built_in">True</span>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>isinstance(<span class="number">123</span>, int)
<span class="built_in">True</span>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>isinstance(<span class="string">b'a'</span>, bytes)
<span class="built_in">True</span>
</code></pre>
<p>并且还可以判断一个变量是否是某些类型中的一种，比如下面的代码就可以判断是否是list或者tuple：</p>
<pre><code class="php">>>> isinstance([<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>], (<span class="keyword">list</span>, tuple))
<span class="keyword">True</span>
>>> isinstance((<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>), (<span class="keyword">list</span>, tuple))
<span class="keyword">True</span>
</code></pre>
<div class="uk-alert "><i class="uk-icon-info-circle"></i> 总是优先使用isinstance()判断类型，可以将指定类型及其子类“一网打尽”。
</div>
<h3>使用dir()</h3>
<p>如果要获得一个对象的所有属性和方法，可以使用<code>dir()</code>函数，它返回一个包含字符串的list，比如，获得一个str对象的所有属性和方法：</p>
<pre><code class="python"><span class="prompt">>>> </span>dir(<span class="string">'ABC'</span>)
[<span class="string">'__add__'</span>, <span class="string">'__class__'</span>,..., <span class="string">'__subclasshook__'</span>, <span class="string">'capitalize'</span>, <span class="string">'casefold'</span>,..., <span class="string">'zfill'</span>]
</code></pre>
<p>类似<code>__xxx__</code>的属性和方法在Python中都是有特殊用途的，比如<code>__len__</code>方法返回长度。在Python中，如果你调用<code>len()</code>函数试图获取一个对象的长度，实际上，在<code>len()</code>函数内部，它自动去调用该对象的<code>__len__()</code>方法，所以，下面的代码是等价的：</p>
<pre><code class="python"><span class="prompt">>>> </span>len(<span class="string">'ABC'</span>)
<span class="number">3</span>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span><span class="string">'ABC'</span>.__len__()
<span class="number">3</span>
</code></pre>
<p>我们自己写的类，如果也想用<code>len(myObj)</code>的话，就自己写一个<code>__len__()</code>方法：</p>
<pre><code class="python"><span class="prompt">>>> </span><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">MyDog</span><span class="params">(object)</span>:</span>
<span class="prompt">... </span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__len__</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span>
<span class="prompt">... </span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">100</span>
...
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>dog = MyDog()
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>len(dog)
<span class="number">100</span>
</code></pre>
<p>剩下的都是普通属性或方法，比如<code>lower()</code>返回小写的字符串：</p>
<pre><code class="python"><span class="prompt">>>> </span><span class="string">'ABC'</span>.lower()
<span class="string">'abc'</span>
</code></pre>
<p>仅仅把属性和方法列出来是不够的，配合<code>getattr()</code>、<code>setattr()</code>以及<code>hasattr()</code>，我们可以直接操作一个对象的状态：</p>
<pre><code class="python"><span class="prompt">>>> </span><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">MyObject</span><span class="params">(object)</span>:</span>
<span class="prompt">... </span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span>
<span class="prompt">... </span> self.x = <span class="number">9</span>
<span class="prompt">... </span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">power</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span>
<span class="prompt">... </span> <span class="keyword">return</span> self.x * self.x
...
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>obj = MyObject()
</code></pre>
<p>紧接着，可以测试该对象的属性：</p>
<pre><code class="python"><span class="prompt">>>> </span>hasattr(obj, <span class="string">'x'</span>) <span class="comment"># 有属性'x'吗？</span>
<span class="built_in">True</span>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>obj.x
<span class="number">9</span>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>hasattr(obj, <span class="string">'y'</span>) <span class="comment"># 有属性'y'吗？</span>
<span class="built_in">False</span>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>setattr(obj, <span class="string">'y'</span>, <span class="number">19</span>) <span class="comment"># 设置一个属性'y'</span>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>hasattr(obj, <span class="string">'y'</span>) <span class="comment"># 有属性'y'吗？</span>
<span class="built_in">True</span>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>getattr(obj, <span class="string">'y'</span>) <span class="comment"># 获取属性'y'</span>
<span class="number">19</span>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>obj.y <span class="comment"># 获取属性'y'</span>
<span class="number">19</span>
</code></pre>
<p>如果试图获取不存在的属性，会抛出AttributeError的错误：</p>
<pre><code class="xml">>>> getattr(obj, 'z') # 获取属性'z'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<span class="tag"><<span class="title">stdin</span>></span>", line 1, in <span class="tag"><<span class="title">module</span>></span>
AttributeError: 'MyObject' object has no attribute 'z'
</code></pre>
<p>可以传入一个default参数，如果属性不存在，就返回默认值：</p>
<pre><code class="python"><span class="prompt">>>> </span>getattr(obj, <span class="string">'z'</span>, <span class="number">404</span>) <span class="comment"># 获取属性'z'，如果不存在，返回默认值404</span>
<span class="number">404</span>
</code></pre>
<p>也可以获得对象的方法：</p>
<pre><code class="python"><span class="prompt">>>> </span>hasattr(obj, <span class="string">'power'</span>) <span class="comment"># 有属性'power'吗？</span>
<span class="built_in">True</span>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>getattr(obj, <span class="string">'power'</span>) <span class="comment"># 获取属性'power'</span>
<bound method MyObject.power of <__main__.MyObject object at <span class="number">0x10077a6a0</span>>>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>fn = getattr(obj, <span class="string">'power'</span>) <span class="comment"># 获取属性'power'并赋值到变量fn</span>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>fn <span class="comment"># fn指向obj.power</span>
<bound method MyObject.power of <__main__.MyObject object at <span class="number">0x10077a6a0</span>>>
<span class="prompt">>>> </span>fn() <span class="comment"># 调用fn()与调用obj.power()是一样的</span>
<span class="number">81</span>
</code></pre>
<h3>小结</h3>
<p>通过内置的一系列函数，我们可以对任意一个Python对象进行剖析，拿到其内部的数据。要注意的是，只有在不知道对象信息的时候，我们才会去获取对象信息。如果可以直接写：</p>
<pre><code class="ini"><span class="setting">sum = <span class="value">obj.x + obj.y</span></span>
</code></pre>
<p>就不要写：</p>
<pre><code class="ini"><span class="setting">sum = <span class="value">getattr(obj, 'x') + getattr(obj, 'y')</span></span>
</code></pre>
<p>一个正确的用法的例子如下：</p>
<pre><code class="python"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">readImage</span><span class="params">(fp)</span>:</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> hasattr(fp, <span class="string">'read'</span>):
<span class="keyword">return</span> readData(fp)
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="built_in">None</span>
</code></pre>
<p>假设我们希望从文件流fp中读取图像，我们首先要判断该fp对象是否存在read方法，如果存在，则该对象是一个流，如果不存在，则无法读取。<code>hasattr()</code>就派上了用场。</p>
<p>请注意，在Python这类动态语言中，根据鸭子类型，有<code>read()</code>方法，不代表该fp对象就是一个文件流，它也可能是网络流，也可能是内存中的一个字节流，但只要<code>read()</code>方法返回的是有效的图像数据，就不影响读取图像的功能。</p>
<h3>参考源码</h3>
<p><a href="https://github.com/michaelliao/learn-python3/blob/master/samples/oop_basic/get_type.py" target="_blank">get_type.py</a></p>
<p><a href="https://github.com/michaelliao/learn-python3/blob/master/samples/oop_basic/attrs.py" target="_blank">attrs.py</a></p>
</div>
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