右值引用(及其支持的Move语意和完美转发)是C++0x加入的最重大语言特性之一。从实践角度讲,它能够完美解决C++中长久以来为人所诟病的临时对象效率问题。从语言本身讲,它健全了C++中的引用类型在左值右值方面的缺陷。从库设计者的角度讲,它给库设计者又带来了一把利器。从库使用者的角度讲,不动一兵一卒便可以获得“免费的”效率提升…
下面用实例来深入探讨右值引用。
1.什么是左值,什么是右值,简单说左值可以赋值,右值不可以赋值。以下面代码为例,“ A a = getA();”该语句中a是左值,getA()的返回值是右值。
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
class A
{
public:
A() { std::cout << "Constructor" << std::endl; }
A(const A&) { std::cout << "Copy Constructor" << std::endl; }
~A() {}
};
static A getA()
{
A a;
return a;
}
int main()
{
A a = getA();
return 0;
}
运行以上代码,输出结果如下:
Constructor Copy Constructor
可以看到A的构造函数调用一次,拷贝构造函数调用了一次,构造函数和拷贝构造函数是消耗比较大的,这里是否可以避免拷贝构造?C++11做到了这一点。
2.添加A的移动构造函数,代码如下:
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
class A
{
public:
A() { std::cout << "Constructor" << std::endl; }
A(const A&) { std::cout << "Copy Constructor" << std::endl; }
A(const A&&) { std::cout << "Move Constructor" << std::endl; }
~A() {}
};
static A getA()
{
A a;
return a;
}
int main()
{
A a = getA();
return 0;
}
运行以上代码,输出结果:
Constructor Move Constructor
这样就没有调用拷贝构造函数,而是调用移动构造。这里并没有看到移动构造的优点。
3.修改代码,给A类添加一个成员变量如下:
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
class B
{
public:
B() {}
B(const B&) { std::cout << "B Constructor" << std::endl; }
};
class A
{
public:
A(): m_b(new B()) { std::cout << "A Constructor" << std::endl; }
A(const A& src) :
m_b(new B(*(src.m_b)))
{
std::cout << "A Copy Constructor" << std::endl;
}
A(A&& src) :
m_b(src.m_b)
{
src.m_b = nullptr;
std::cout << "A Move Constructor" << std::endl;
}
~A() { delete m_b; }
private:
B* m_b;
};
static A getA()
{
A a;
std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
return a;
}
int main()
{
A a = getA();
std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
A a1(a);
return 0;
}
运行以上代码,输出结果:
A Constructor ================================================ A Move Constructor ================================================ B Constructor A Copy Constructor
“ A a = getA();”调用的是A的移动构造,“ A a1(a); ”调用的是A的拷贝构造。A的拷贝构造需要对成员变量B进行深拷贝,而A的移动构造不需要,很明显,A的移动构造效率高。
4.std::move语句可以将左值变为右值而避免拷贝构造,修改代码如下:
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
class B
{
public:
B() {}
B(const B&) { std::cout << "B Constructor" << std::endl; }
};
class A
{
public:
A(): m_b(new B()) { std::cout << "A Constructor" << std::endl; }
A(const A& src) :
m_b(new B(*(src.m_b)))
{
std::cout << "A Copy Constructor" << std::endl;
}
A(A&& src) noexcept :
m_b(src.m_b)
{
src.m_b = nullptr;
std::cout << "A Move Constructor" << std::endl;
}
~A() { delete m_b; }
private:
B* m_b;
};
static A getA()
{
A a;
std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
return a;
}
int main()
{
A a = getA();
std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
A a1(a);
std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
A a2(std::move(a1));
return 0;
}
运行以上代码,输出结果:
A Constructor ================================================ A Move Constructor ================================================ B Constructor A Copy Constructor ================================================ A Move Constructor
“ A a2(std::move(a1));”将a1转换为右值,因此a2调用的移动构造而不是拷贝构造。
5.赋值操作符也可以是移动赋值
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
class B
{
public:
B() {}
B(const B&) { std::cout << "B Constructor" << std::endl; }
};
class A
{
public:
A(): m_b(new B()) { std::cout << "A Constructor" << std::endl; }
A(const A& src) :
m_b(new B(*(src.m_b)))
{
std::cout << "A Copy Constructor" << std::endl;
}
A(A&& src) :
m_b(src.m_b)
{
src.m_b = nullptr;
std::cout << "A Move Constructor" << std::endl;
}
A& operator=(const A& src) noexcept
{
if (this == &src)
return *this;
delete m_b;
m_b = new B(*(src.m_b));
std::cout << "operator=(const A& src)" << std::endl;
return *this;
}
A& operator=(A&& src) noexcept
{
if (this == &src)
return *this;
delete m_b;
m_b = src.m_b;
src.m_b = nullptr;
std::cout << "operator=(const A&& src)" << std::endl;
return *this;
}
~A() { delete m_b; }
private:
B* m_b;
};
static A getA()
{
A a;
std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
return a;
}
int main()
{
A a = getA();//移动构造
std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
A a1(a);//拷贝构造
std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
A a2(std::move(a1));//移动构造
std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
a2 = getA();//移动赋值
std::cout << "================================================" << std::endl;
a2 = a1;//拷贝赋值
return 0;
}
运行以上代码,输出结果:
A Constructor ================================================ A Move Constructor ================================================ B Constructor A Copy Constructor ================================================ A Move Constructor ================================================ A Constructor ================================================ A Move Constructor operator=(const A&& src) ================================================ B Constructor operator=(const A& src)
总之尽量给类添加移动构造和移动赋值函数,而减少拷贝构造和拷贝赋值的消耗。 移动构造,移动赋值要加上noexcept,用于通知标准库不抛出异常。