Mysql基础1——基本概念、基础查询、条件查询、排序查询、常见函数

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/lxsxkf/article/details/109890819

本单元目标

一、为什么要学习数据库

1.持久化数据

2.方便检索

3.存储大量数据

4.共享、安全

5.通过组合分析，获取新的数据

二、数据库的相关概念

DBMS、DB、SQL

DB:database数据库，存储一系列有组织数据的容器

DBMS：Database Management System数据库管理系统，使用DBMS管理和维护DB

SQL：StructureQueryLanguage结构化查询语言，程序员用于和DBMS通信的语言

三、数据库存储数据的特点

1、数据先放在表中，表再放在库中

2、一个库可以有多张表，每张表都有自己的唯一标识名

3、一张表的设计，类似于java中”类"的设计

表中的字段的设计，类似于属性的设计

表中的单条记录，类似于一个对象

表中的所有的记录，类似于对象的集合

orm ：object relation mapping 对象关系映射

四、初始MySQL

1、MySQL产品的介绍

MySQL 前身属于瑞典的一家公司AB，2008年被sun公司收购，2009年sun被oracle公司收购。

特点：

① 体积小、安装较方便

②开源、免费

③性能高、稳定性好

④兼容性好

2、MySQL产品的安装 ★

基于C/S架构的DBMS，需要安装服务端和客户端

www.oracle.com

MySQL5.5

3、MySQL服务的启动和停止 ★

方式一：图形化

右击——计算机管理——服务——MySQL服务

方式二：通过管理员身份运行dos

net start 服务名

net stop 服务名

4、MySQL服务的登录和退出 ★

方式一：通过dos命令

mysql -h主机名 -P端口号 -u用户名 -p密码

注意：

如果是本机，则-h主机名可以省略

如果端口号是3306，则-P端口号可以省略

方式二：通过图形化界面客户端

通过sqlyog，直接输入用户名、密码等连接进去即可

5、MySQL的常见命令和语法规范

①常见命令

show databases 显示当前连接下所有数据库

show tables 显示当前库中所有表

show tables from 库名显示指定库中所有表

show columns from 表名显示指定表中所有列

use 库名打开/使用指定库

②语法规范

不区分大小写

每条命令结尾建议用分号

注释：

#单行注释

– 单行注释

/多行注释/

五、DQL语言的学习 ★

DQL:Data Query Language 数据查询语言

select

下面用到的几个库

myemployees

/*
SQLyog Ultimate v10.00 Beta1
MySQL - 5.5.15 : Database - myemployees
*********************************************************************
*/


/*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */;

/*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=''*/;

/*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' */;
/*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */;
CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/`myemployees` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET gb2312 */;

USE `myemployees`;

/*Table structure for table `departments` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `departments`;

CREATE TABLE `departments` (
  `department_id` int(4) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `department_name` varchar(3) DEFAULT NULL,
  `manager_id` int(6) DEFAULT NULL,
  `location_id` int(4) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`department_id`),
  KEY `loc_id_fk` (`location_id`),
  CONSTRAINT `loc_id_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`location_id`) REFERENCES `locations` (`location_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=271 DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312;

/*Data for the table `departments` */

insert  into `departments`(`department_id`,`department_name`,`manager_id`,`location_id`) values (10,'Adm',200,1700),(20,'Mar',201,1800),(30,'Pur',114,1700),(40,'Hum',203,2400),(50,'Shi',121,1500),(60,'IT',103,1400),(70,'Pub',204,2700),(80,'Sal',145,2500),(90,'Exe',100,1700),(100,'Fin',108,1700),(110,'Acc',205,1700),(120,'Tre',NULL,1700),(130,'Cor',NULL,1700),(140,'Con',NULL,1700),(150,'Sha',NULL,1700),(160,'Ben',NULL,1700),(170,'Man',NULL,1700),(180,'Con',NULL,1700),(190,'Con',NULL,1700),(200,'Ope',NULL,1700),(210,'IT ',NULL,1700),(220,'NOC',NULL,1700),(230,'IT ',NULL,1700),(240,'Gov',NULL,1700),(250,'Ret',NULL,1700),(260,'Rec',NULL,1700),(270,'Pay',NULL,1700);

/*Table structure for table `employees` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `employees`;

CREATE TABLE `employees` (
  `employee_id` int(6) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `first_name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `last_name` varchar(25) DEFAULT NULL,
  `email` varchar(25) DEFAULT NULL,
  `phone_number` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `job_id` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `salary` double(10,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `commission_pct` double(4,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `manager_id` int(6) DEFAULT NULL,
  `department_id` int(4) DEFAULT NULL,
  `hiredate` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`employee_id`),
  KEY `dept_id_fk` (`department_id`),
  KEY `job_id_fk` (`job_id`),
  CONSTRAINT `dept_id_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`department_id`) REFERENCES `departments` (`department_id`),
  CONSTRAINT `job_id_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`job_id`) REFERENCES `jobs` (`job_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=207 DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312;

/*Data for the table `employees` */

insert  into `employees`(`employee_id`,`first_name`,`last_name`,`email`,`phone_number`,`job_id`,`salary`,`commission_pct`,`manager_id`,`department_id`,`hiredate`) values (100,'Steven','K_ing','SKING','515.123.4567','AD_PRES',24000.00,NULL,NULL,90,'1992-04-03 00:00:00'),(101,'Neena','Kochhar','NKOCHHAR','515.123.4568','AD_VP',17000.00,NULL,100,90,'1992-04-03 00:00:00'),(102,'Lex','De Haan','LDEHAAN','515.123.4569','AD_VP',17000.00,NULL,100,90,'1992-04-03 00:00:00'),(103,'Alexander','Hunold','AHUNOLD','590.423.4567','IT_PROG',9000.00,NULL,102,60,'1992-04-03 00:00:00'),(104,'Bruce','Ernst','BERNST','590.423.4568','IT_PROG',6000.00,NULL,103,60,'1992-04-03 00:00:00'),(105,'David','Austin','DAUSTIN','590.423.4569','IT_PROG',4800.00,NULL,103,60,'1998-03-03 00:00:00'),(106,'Valli','Pataballa','VPATABAL','590.423.4560','IT_PROG',4800.00,NULL,103,60,'1998-03-03 00:00:00'),(107,'Diana','Lorentz','DLORENTZ','590.423.5567','IT_PROG',4200.00,NULL,103,60,'1998-03-03 00:00:00'),(108,'Nancy','Greenberg','NGREENBE','515.124.4569','FI_MGR',12000.00,NULL,101,100,'1998-03-03 00:00:00'),(109,'Daniel','Faviet','DFAVIET','515.124.4169','FI_ACCOUNT',9000.00,NULL,108,100,'1998-03-03 00:00:00'),(110,'John','Chen','JCHEN','515.124.4269','FI_ACCOUNT',8200.00,NULL,108,100,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(111,'Ismael','Sciarra','ISCIARRA','515.124.4369','FI_ACCOUNT',7700.00,NULL,108,100,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(112,'Jose Manuel','Urman','JMURMAN','515.124.4469','FI_ACCOUNT',7800.00,NULL,108,100,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(113,'Luis','Popp','LPOPP','515.124.4567','FI_ACCOUNT',6900.00,NULL,108,100,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(114,'Den','Raphaely','DRAPHEAL','515.127.4561','PU_MAN',11000.00,NULL,100,30,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(115,'Alexander','Khoo','AKHOO','515.127.4562','PU_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,114,30,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(116,'Shelli','Baida','SBAIDA','515.127.4563','PU_CLERK',2900.00,NULL,114,30,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(117,'Sigal','Tobias','STOBIAS','515.127.4564','PU_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,114,30,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(118,'Guy','Himuro','GHIMURO','515.127.4565','PU_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,114,30,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(119,'Karen','Colmenares','KCOLMENA','515.127.4566','PU_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,114,30,'2000-09-09 00:00:00'),(120,'Matthew','Weiss','MWEISS','650.123.1234','ST_MAN',8000.00,NULL,100,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(121,'Adam','Fripp','AFRIPP','650.123.2234','ST_MAN',8200.00,NULL,100,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(122,'Payam','Kaufling','PKAUFLIN','650.123.3234','ST_MAN',7900.00,NULL,100,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(123,'Shanta','Vollman','SVOLLMAN','650.123.4234','ST_MAN',6500.00,NULL,100,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(124,'Kevin','Mourgos','KMOURGOS','650.123.5234','ST_MAN',5800.00,NULL,100,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(125,'Julia','Nayer','JNAYER','650.124.1214','ST_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,120,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(126,'Irene','Mikkilineni','IMIKKILI','650.124.1224','ST_CLERK',2700.00,NULL,120,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(127,'James','Landry','JLANDRY','650.124.1334','ST_CLERK',2400.00,NULL,120,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(128,'Steven','Markle','SMARKLE','650.124.1434','ST_CLERK',2200.00,NULL,120,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(129,'Laura','Bissot','LBISSOT','650.124.5234','ST_CLERK',3300.00,NULL,121,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(130,'Mozhe','Atkinson','MATKINSO','650.124.6234','ST_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,121,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(131,'James','Marlow','JAMRLOW','650.124.7234','ST_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,121,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(132,'TJ','Olson','TJOLSON','650.124.8234','ST_CLERK',2100.00,NULL,121,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(133,'Jason','Mallin','JMALLIN','650.127.1934','ST_CLERK',3300.00,NULL,122,50,'2004-02-06 00:00:00'),(134,'Michael','Rogers','MROGERS','650.127.1834','ST_CLERK',2900.00,NULL,122,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(135,'Ki','Gee','KGEE','650.127.1734','ST_CLERK',2400.00,NULL,122,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(136,'Hazel','Philtanker','HPHILTAN','650.127.1634','ST_CLERK',2200.00,NULL,122,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(137,'Renske','Ladwig','RLADWIG','650.121.1234','ST_CLERK',3600.00,NULL,123,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(138,'Stephen','Stiles','SSTILES','650.121.2034','ST_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,123,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(139,'John','Seo','JSEO','650.121.2019','ST_CLERK',2700.00,NULL,123,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(140,'Joshua','Patel','JPATEL','650.121.1834','ST_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,123,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(141,'Trenna','Rajs','TRAJS','650.121.8009','ST_CLERK',3500.00,NULL,124,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(142,'Curtis','Davies','CDAVIES','650.121.2994','ST_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,124,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(143,'Randall','Matos','RMATOS','650.121.2874','ST_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,124,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(144,'Peter','Vargas','PVARGAS','650.121.2004','ST_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,124,50,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(145,'John','Russell','JRUSSEL','011.44.1344.429268','SA_MAN',14000.00,0.40,100,80,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(146,'Karen','Partners','KPARTNER','011.44.1344.467268','SA_MAN',13500.00,0.30,100,80,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(147,'Alberto','Errazuriz','AERRAZUR','011.44.1344.429278','SA_MAN',12000.00,0.30,100,80,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(148,'Gerald','Cambrault','GCAMBRAU','011.44.1344.619268','SA_MAN',11000.00,0.30,100,80,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(149,'Eleni','Zlotkey','EZLOTKEY','011.44.1344.429018','SA_MAN',10500.00,0.20,100,80,'2002-12-23 00:00:00'),(150,'Peter','Tucker','PTUCKER','011.44.1344.129268','SA_REP',10000.00,0.30,145,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(151,'David','Bernstein','DBERNSTE','011.44.1344.345268','SA_REP',9500.00,0.25,145,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(152,'Peter','Hall','PHALL','011.44.1344.478968','SA_REP',9000.00,0.25,145,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(153,'Christopher','Olsen','COLSEN','011.44.1344.498718','SA_REP',8000.00,0.20,145,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(154,'Nanette','Cambrault','NCAMBRAU','011.44.1344.987668','SA_REP',7500.00,0.20,145,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(155,'Oliver','Tuvault','OTUVAULT','011.44.1344.486508','SA_REP',7000.00,0.15,145,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(156,'Janette','K_ing','JKING','011.44.1345.429268','SA_REP',10000.00,0.35,146,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(157,'Patrick','Sully','PSULLY','011.44.1345.929268','SA_REP',9500.00,0.35,146,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(158,'Allan','McEwen','AMCEWEN','011.44.1345.829268','SA_REP',9000.00,0.35,146,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(159,'Lindsey','Smith','LSMITH','011.44.1345.729268','SA_REP',8000.00,0.30,146,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(160,'Louise','Doran','LDORAN','011.44.1345.629268','SA_REP',7500.00,0.30,146,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(161,'Sarath','Sewall','SSEWALL','011.44.1345.529268','SA_REP',7000.00,0.25,146,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(162,'Clara','Vishney','CVISHNEY','011.44.1346.129268','SA_REP',10500.00,0.25,147,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(163,'Danielle','Greene','DGREENE','011.44.1346.229268','SA_REP',9500.00,0.15,147,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(164,'Mattea','Marvins','MMARVINS','011.44.1346.329268','SA_REP',7200.00,0.10,147,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(165,'David','Lee','DLEE','011.44.1346.529268','SA_REP',6800.00,0.10,147,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(166,'Sundar','Ande','SANDE','011.44.1346.629268','SA_REP',6400.00,0.10,147,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(167,'Amit','Banda','ABANDA','011.44.1346.729268','SA_REP',6200.00,0.10,147,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(168,'Lisa','Ozer','LOZER','011.44.1343.929268','SA_REP',11500.00,0.25,148,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(169,'Harrison','Bloom','HBLOOM','011.44.1343.829268','SA_REP',10000.00,0.20,148,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(170,'Tayler','Fox','TFOX','011.44.1343.729268','SA_REP',9600.00,0.20,148,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(171,'William','Smith','WSMITH','011.44.1343.629268','SA_REP',7400.00,0.15,148,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(172,'Elizabeth','Bates','EBATES','011.44.1343.529268','SA_REP',7300.00,0.15,148,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(173,'Sundita','Kumar','SKUMAR','011.44.1343.329268','SA_REP',6100.00,0.10,148,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(174,'Ellen','Abel','EABEL','011.44.1644.429267','SA_REP',11000.00,0.30,149,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(175,'Alyssa','Hutton','AHUTTON','011.44.1644.429266','SA_REP',8800.00,0.25,149,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(176,'Jonathon','Taylor','JTAYLOR','011.44.1644.429265','SA_REP',8600.00,0.20,149,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(177,'Jack','Livingston','JLIVINGS','011.44.1644.429264','SA_REP',8400.00,0.20,149,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(178,'Kimberely','Grant','KGRANT','011.44.1644.429263','SA_REP',7000.00,0.15,149,NULL,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(179,'Charles','Johnson','CJOHNSON','011.44.1644.429262','SA_REP',6200.00,0.10,149,80,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(180,'Winston','Taylor','WTAYLOR','650.507.9876','SH_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,120,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(181,'Jean','Fleaur','JFLEAUR','650.507.9877','SH_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,120,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(182,'Martha','Sullivan','MSULLIVA','650.507.9878','SH_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,120,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(183,'Girard','Geoni','GGEONI','650.507.9879','SH_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,120,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(184,'Nandita','Sarchand','NSARCHAN','650.509.1876','SH_CLERK',4200.00,NULL,121,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(185,'Alexis','Bull','ABULL','650.509.2876','SH_CLERK',4100.00,NULL,121,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(186,'Julia','Dellinger','JDELLING','650.509.3876','SH_CLERK',3400.00,NULL,121,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(187,'Anthony','Cabrio','ACABRIO','650.509.4876','SH_CLERK',3000.00,NULL,121,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(188,'Kelly','Chung','KCHUNG','650.505.1876','SH_CLERK',3800.00,NULL,122,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(189,'Jennifer','Dilly','JDILLY','650.505.2876','SH_CLERK',3600.00,NULL,122,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(190,'Timothy','Gates','TGATES','650.505.3876','SH_CLERK',2900.00,NULL,122,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(191,'Randall','Perkins','RPERKINS','650.505.4876','SH_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,122,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(192,'Sarah','Bell','SBELL','650.501.1876','SH_CLERK',4000.00,NULL,123,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(193,'Britney','Everett','BEVERETT','650.501.2876','SH_CLERK',3900.00,NULL,123,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(194,'Samuel','McCain','SMCCAIN','650.501.3876','SH_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,123,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(195,'Vance','Jones','VJONES','650.501.4876','SH_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,123,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(196,'Alana','Walsh','AWALSH','650.507.9811','SH_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,124,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(197,'Kevin','Feeney','KFEENEY','650.507.9822','SH_CLERK',3000.00,NULL,124,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(198,'Donald','OConnell','DOCONNEL','650.507.9833','SH_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,124,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(199,'Douglas','Grant','DGRANT','650.507.9844','SH_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,124,50,'2014-03-05 00:00:00'),(200,'Jennifer','Whalen','JWHALEN','515.123.4444','AD_ASST',4400.00,NULL,101,10,'2016-03-03 00:00:00'),(201,'Michael','Hartstein','MHARTSTE','515.123.5555','MK_MAN',13000.00,NULL,100,20,'2016-03-03 00:00:00'),(202,'Pat','Fay','PFAY','603.123.6666','MK_REP',6000.00,NULL,201,20,'2016-03-03 00:00:00'),(203,'Susan','Mavris','SMAVRIS','515.123.7777','HR_REP',6500.00,NULL,101,40,'2016-03-03 00:00:00'),(204,'Hermann','Baer','HBAER','515.123.8888','PR_REP',10000.00,NULL,101,70,'2016-03-03 00:00:00'),(205,'Shelley','Higgins','SHIGGINS','515.123.8080','AC_MGR',12000.00,NULL,101,110,'2016-03-03 00:00:00'),(206,'William','Gietz','WGIETZ','515.123.8181','AC_ACCOUNT',8300.00,NULL,205,110,'2016-03-03 00:00:00');

/*Table structure for table `jobs` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `jobs`;

CREATE TABLE `jobs` (
  `job_id` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
  `job_title` varchar(35) DEFAULT NULL,
  `min_salary` int(6) DEFAULT NULL,
  `max_salary` int(6) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`job_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312;

/*Data for the table `jobs` */

insert  into `jobs`(`job_id`,`job_title`,`min_salary`,`max_salary`) values ('AC_ACCOUNT','Public Accountant',4200,9000),('AC_MGR','Accounting Manager',8200,16000),('AD_ASST','Administration Assistant',3000,6000),('AD_PRES','President',20000,40000),('AD_VP','Administration Vice President',15000,30000),('FI_ACCOUNT','Accountant',4200,9000),('FI_MGR','Finance Manager',8200,16000),('HR_REP','Human Resources Representative',4000,9000),('IT_PROG','Programmer',4000,10000),('MK_MAN','Marketing Manager',9000,15000),('MK_REP','Marketing Representative',4000,9000),('PR_REP','Public Relations Representative',4500,10500),('PU_CLERK','Purchasing Clerk',2500,5500),('PU_MAN','Purchasing Manager',8000,15000),('SA_MAN','Sales Manager',10000,20000),('SA_REP','Sales Representative',6000,12000),('SH_CLERK','Shipping Clerk',2500,5500),('ST_CLERK','Stock Clerk',2000,5000),('ST_MAN','Stock Manager',5500,8500);

/*Table structure for table `locations` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `locations`;

CREATE TABLE `locations` (
  `location_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `street_address` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
  `postal_code` varchar(12) DEFAULT NULL,
  `city` varchar(30) DEFAULT NULL,
  `state_province` varchar(25) DEFAULT NULL,
  `country_id` varchar(2) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`location_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3201 DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312;

/*Data for the table `locations` */

insert  into `locations`(`location_id`,`street_address`,`postal_code`,`city`,`state_province`,`country_id`) values (1000,'1297 Via Cola di Rie','00989','Roma',NULL,'IT'),(1100,'93091 Calle della Testa','10934','Venice',NULL,'IT'),(1200,'2017 Shinjuku-ku','1689','Tokyo','Tokyo Prefecture','JP'),(1300,'9450 Kamiya-cho','6823','Hiroshima',NULL,'JP'),(1400,'2014 Jabberwocky Rd','26192','Southlake','Texas','US'),(1500,'2011 Interiors Blvd','99236','South San Francisco','California','US'),(1600,'2007 Zagora St','50090','South Brunswick','New Jersey','US'),(1700,'2004 Charade Rd','98199','Seattle','Washington','US'),(1800,'147 Spadina Ave','M5V 2L7','Toronto','Ontario','CA'),(1900,'6092 Boxwood St','YSW 9T2','Whitehorse','Yukon','CA'),(2000,'40-5-12 Laogianggen','190518','Beijing',NULL,'CN'),(2100,'1298 Vileparle (E)','490231','Bombay','Maharashtra','IN'),(2200,'12-98 Victoria Street','2901','Sydney','New South Wales','AU'),(2300,'198 Clementi North','540198','Singapore',NULL,'SG'),(2400,'8204 Arthur St',NULL,'London',NULL,'UK'),(2500,'Magdalen Centre, The Oxford Science Park','OX9 9ZB','Oxford','Oxford','UK'),(2600,'9702 Chester Road','09629850293','Stretford','Manchester','UK'),(2700,'Schwanthalerstr. 7031','80925','Munich','Bavaria','DE'),(2800,'Rua Frei Caneca 1360 ','01307-002','Sao Paulo','Sao Paulo','BR'),(2900,'20 Rue des Corps-Saints','1730','Geneva','Geneve','CH'),(3000,'Murtenstrasse 921','3095','Bern','BE','CH'),(3100,'Pieter Breughelstraat 837','3029SK','Utrecht','Utrecht','NL'),(3200,'Mariano Escobedo 9991','11932','Mexico City','Distrito Federal,','MX');

/*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=@OLD_SQL_MODE */;
/*!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS */;
/*!40014 SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=@OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS */;
/*!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=@OLD_SQL_NOTES */;

girls

/*
SQLyog Ultimate v10.00 Beta1
MySQL - 5.7.18-log : Database - girls
*********************************************************************
*/


/*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */;

/*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=''*/;

/*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' */;
/*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */;
CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/`girls` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */;

USE `girls`;

/*Table structure for table `admin` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `admin`;

CREATE TABLE `admin` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `username` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
  `password` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

/*Data for the table `admin` */

insert  into `admin`(`id`,`username`,`password`) values (1,'john','8888'),(2,'lyt','6666');

/*Table structure for table `beauty` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `beauty`;

CREATE TABLE `beauty` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `sex` char(1) DEFAULT '女',
  `borndate` datetime DEFAULT '1987-01-01 00:00:00',
  `phone` varchar(11) NOT NULL,
  `photo` blob,
  `boyfriend_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=13 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

/*Data for the table `beauty` */

insert  into `beauty`(`id`,`name`,`sex`,`borndate`,`phone`,`photo`,`boyfriend_id`) values (1,'柳岩','女','1988-02-03 00:00:00','18209876577',NULL,8),(2,'苍老师','女','1987-12-30 00:00:00','18219876577',NULL,9),(3,'Angelababy','女','1989-02-03 00:00:00','18209876567',NULL,3),(4,'热巴','女','1993-02-03 00:00:00','18209876579',NULL,2),(5,'周冬雨','女','1992-02-03 00:00:00','18209179577',NULL,9),(6,'周芷若','女','1988-02-03 00:00:00','18209876577',NULL,1),(7,'岳灵珊','女','1987-12-30 00:00:00','18219876577',NULL,9),(8,'小昭','女','1989-02-03 00:00:00','18209876567',NULL,1),(9,'双儿','女','1993-02-03 00:00:00','18209876579',NULL,9),(10,'王语嫣','女','1992-02-03 00:00:00','18209179577',NULL,4),(11,'夏雪','女','1993-02-03 00:00:00','18209876579',NULL,9),(12,'赵敏','女','1992-02-03 00:00:00','18209179577',NULL,1);

/*Table structure for table `boys` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `boys`;

CREATE TABLE `boys` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `boyName` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `userCP` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

/*Data for the table `boys` */

insert  into `boys`(`id`,`boyName`,`userCP`) values (1,'张无忌',100),(2,'鹿晗',800),(3,'黄晓明',50),(4,'段誉',300);

/*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=@OLD_SQL_MODE */;
/*!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS */;
/*!40014 SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=@OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS */;
/*!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=@OLD_SQL_NOTES */;

sal_grade

USE  myemployees;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS sal_grade;
CREATE TABLE sal_grade (
	id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
	min_salary DOUBLE ,
	max_salary DOUBLE,
	grade CHAR

);

INSERT INTO sal_grade VALUES(NULL,2000,3999,'A');
INSERT INTO sal_grade VALUES(NULL,4000,5999,'B');
INSERT INTO sal_grade VALUES(NULL,6000,9999,'C');
INSERT INTO sal_grade VALUES(NULL,10000,12999,'D');
INSERT INTO sal_grade VALUES(NULL,13000,14999,'E');
INSERT INTO sal_grade VALUES(NULL,15000,99999,'F');

1、基础查询 ★

语法：

select 查询列表 from 表名;

特点：

①查询结果集是一个虚拟表

②查询列表可以是单个字段、多个字段、常量、表达式、函数，可以是以上的组合

引申1：起别名

select 字段名 as “别名” from 表名;

select 字段名 " 别名" from 表名;

引申2：+的作用

作用：加法运算

如果两个操作数都是数值型，则直接做加法运算
如果其中一个为非数值型，则将强值转换成数值型，如果转换失败，则当做0

‘123’+4====》127

‘abc’+4====》 4

如果其中一个为null，则结果直接为null

引申3：去重

select distinct department_id from employees;

引申4：补充函数

select version();

select database();

select user();

select ifnull(字段名,表达式);

select concat(字符1，字符2,字符3);

select length(字符/字段);获取字节长度

1、执行顺序

① from子句
② select子句

#一、查询常量
SELECT 100 ;

#二、查询表达式
SELECT 100%3;

#三、查询单个字段
SELECT `last_name` FROM `employees`;

#四、查询多个字段
SELECT `last_name`,`email`,`employee_id` FROM employees;

#五、查询所有字段
SELECT * FROM `employees`;


#F12:对齐格式
SELECT 
    `last_name`,
    `first_name`,
    `last_name`,
    `commission_pct`,
    `hiredate`,
    `salary` 
FROM
    employees ;
    
#六、查询函数（调用函数，获取返回值）
SELECT DATABASE();
SELECT VERSION();
SELECT USER();

#七、起别名
#方式一：使用as关键字

SELECT USER() AS 用户名;
SELECT USER() AS "用户名";
SELECT USER() AS '用户名';

#中间有空格要用"" 或者 ''
SELECT last_name AS "姓 名" FROM employees;


#方式二：使用空格


SELECT USER()   用户名;
SELECT USER()   "用户名";
SELECT USER()   '用户名';

SELECT last_name   "姓 名" FROM employees;


#八、+的作用
-- 需求：查询 first_name 和last_name 拼接成的全名，最终起别名为：姓 名

#方案1：使用+    行不通
SELECT first_name+last_name AS "姓 名"
FROM employees;
/*

Java中+的作用：
1、加法运算
	100+1.5      'a'+2    1.3+'2'
	
2、拼接符
	至少有一个操作数为字符串
	"hello"+'a'
	
	
mysql中+的作用：
1、加法运算

①两个操作数都是数值型
100+1.5

②其中一个操作数为字符型
将字符型数据强制转换成数值型,如果无法转换，则直接当做0处理

'张无忌'+100===>100


③其中一个操作数为null

null+null====》null

null+100====》 null



*/


#方案2：使用concat拼接函数

SELECT CONCAT(first_name,last_name) AS "姓 名"
FROM employees;



    
    
#九、distinct的使用

#需求：查询员工涉及到的部门编号有哪些


SELECT DISTINCT department_id FROM employees;


#十、查看表的结构

DESC employees;
SHOW COLUMNS FROM employees;

2、条件查询 ★

语法：

select 查询列表

from 表名

where 筛选条件;

执行顺序：
①from子句
②where子句
③select子句

特点：

筛选条件的分类：

①按条件表达式筛选

关系运算符：>= < <= > <> =

②按逻辑表达式筛选

逻辑运算符：and or not

③模糊查询

like:一般和通配符搭配使用

_ 任意单个字符

% 任意多个字符

between and：一般用于判断某字段是否在指定的区间

a between 10 and 100

in：一般用于判断某字段是否在指定的列表

a in(10,30,50)

is null:判断null值

#一、按关系表达式筛选
#案例1：查询部门编号不是100的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE department_id <> 100;


#案例2：查询工资<15000的姓名、工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<15000;


#二、按逻辑表达式筛选

#案例1：查询部门编号不是 50-100之间员工姓名、部门编号、邮箱
#方式1：
SELECT last_name,department_id,email
FROM employees
WHERE department_id <50 OR department_id>100;

#方式2：


SELECT last_name,department_id,email
FROM employees
WHERE NOT(department_id>=50 AND department_id<=100);



#案例2：查询奖金率>0.03 或者 员工编号在60-110之间的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct>0.03 OR (employee_id >=60 AND employee_id<=110);


#三、模糊查询

#1、like

/*
功能：一般和通配符搭配使用，对字符型数据进行部分匹配查询
常见的通配符：
_ 任意单个字符
% 任意多个字符,支持0-多个
like/not like 
*/

#案例1：查询姓名中包含字符a的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%';

#案例2：查询姓名中包含最后一个字符为e的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%e';

#案例3：查询姓名中包含第一个字符为e的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE 'e%';

#案例4：查询姓名中包含第三个字符为x的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '__x%';

#案例5：查询姓名中包含第二个字符为_的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '_\_%';

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '_$_%' ESCAPE '$';


#2、in
/*
功能：查询某字段的值是否属于指定的列表之内

a  in(常量值1,常量值2,常量值3,...)
a not in(常量值1,常量值2,常量值3,...)

in/not in
*/

#案例1：查询部门编号是30/50/90的员工名、部门编号


#方式1：
SELECT last_name,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(30,50,90);

#方式2：

SELECT last_name,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 30
OR department_id = 50
OR department_id = 90;


#案例2：查询工种编号不是SH_CLERK或IT_PROG的员工信息
#方式1：
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE job_id NOT IN('SH_CLERK','IT_PROG');

#方式2：
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE NOT(job_id ='SH_CLERK'
OR job_id = 'IT_PROG');


#3、between and

/*
功能：判断某个字段的值是否介于xx之间

between and/not between and

*/


#案例1：查询部门编号是30-90之间的部门编号、员工姓名

#方式1：
SELECT department_id,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id BETWEEN 30 AND 90;

#方式2：

SELECT department_id,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id>=30 AND department_id<=90;


#案例2：查询年薪不是100000-200000之间的员工姓名、工资、年薪

SELECT last_name,salary,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) 年薪
FROM employees
WHERE salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0))<100000 OR salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0))>200000;



SELECT last_name,salary,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) 年薪
FROM employees
WHERE salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) NOT BETWEEN 100000 AND 200000;



#4、is null/is not null

#案例1：查询没有奖金的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NULL;



#案例2：查询有奖金的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL;


SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary = 10000;  # 不能用is 要用=

#----------------对比------------------------------------

#=		只能判断普通的内容

#IS              只能判断NULL值

#<=>             安全等于，既能判断普通内容，又能判断NULL值




SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary <=> 10000;

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct <=> NULL;

3、排序查询 ★

语法：

select 查询列表

from 表名

where 筛选条件

order by 排序列表 ;

特点：

①排序列表可以是单个字段、多个字段、函数、表达式、别名、列的索引，以及以上的组合

②升序，通过asc

降序，通过desc

执行顺序：

①from子句
②where子句
③select子句
④order by 子句

#一、按单个字段排序
#案例1：将员工编号>120的员工信息进行工资的升序
SELECT * 
FROM employees 

ORDER BY salary ;

#案例1：将员工编号>120的员工信息进行工资的降序
SELECT * 
FROM employees 
WHERE employee_id>120 
ORDER BY salary DESC;

#二、按表达式排序
#案例1：对有奖金的员工，按年薪降序

SELECT *,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0))  年薪
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) DESC;


#三、按别名排序
#案例1：对有奖金的员工，按年薪降序

SELECT *,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0))  年薪
FROM employees

ORDER BY 年薪 DESC;

#四、按函数的结果排序

#案例1：按姓名的字数长度进行升序


SELECT last_name
FROM employees
ORDER BY LENGTH(last_name);


#五、按多个字段排序

#案例1：查询员工的姓名、工资、部门编号，先按工资升序，再按部门编号降序

SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees
ORDER BY salary ASC,department_id DESC;


#六、补充选学：按列数排序


SELECT * FROM employees 
ORDER BY 2 DESC;


SELECT * FROM employees 
ORDER BY first_name;

经典案例

USE myemployees;
#1.查询员工的姓名和部门号和年薪，按年薪降序 按姓名升序
SELECT last_name,department_id,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) 年薪
FROM employees
ORDER BY 年薪 DESC,last_name ASC;



#2. 选择工资不在 8000 到 17000 的员工的姓名和工资，按工资降序
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 8000 AND 17000
ORDER BY salary DESC;


#3. 查询邮箱中包含 e 的员工信息，并先按邮箱的字节数降序，再按部门号升序

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE email LIKE '%e%'
ORDER BY LENGTH(email) DESC,department_id ASC;

4、常见函数 ★

说明：sql中的函数分为单行函数和分组函数

调用语法：select 函数名(实参列表);

1》字符函数

concat(str1,str2,..):拼接字符

substr(str,pos):截取从pos开始的所有字符，   起始索引从1开始

substr(str,pos,len):截取len个从pos开始的字符，起始索引从1开始

length(str):获取字节个数

char_length(str):获取字符个数

upper(str):变大写

lower(str):变小写

trim(【substr from】str):去前后指定字符，默认是去空格

left(str,len):从左边截取指定len个数的 字符

right(str,len):从右边截取指定len个数的 字符

lpad(str,substr,len):左填充

rpad(str,substr,len)：右填充

strcmp(str1,str2):比较两个字符的大小

instr(str,substr):获取substr在str中第一次出现的索引

2》数学函数

ceil(x):向上取整

floor(x):向下取整

round(x,d):四舍五入

mod(x,y):取模/取余

truncate(x,d):截断，保留小数点后d位

abs(x):求绝对值

3》日期函数

now():获取当前日期——时间

curtime():只有时间

curdate():只有日期

date_format(date,格式):格式日期为字符

str_to_date(str,格式):将字符转换成日期

datediff(date1,date2):获取两个日期之间的天数差

year(date)

month(date)

...

4》流程控制函数

①if(条件，表达式1，表达式2)：如果条件成立，返回表达式1，否则返回表达式2

②case 表达式

when 值1 then 结果1

when 值2 then 结果2

...

else 结果n

end

**③**

**case** 

when 条件1 then 结果1

when 条件2 then 结果2

...

else 结果n

end

#一、字符函数
1、CONCAT 拼接字符

SELECT CONCAT('hello,',first_name,last_name)  备注 FROM employees;

2、LENGTH 获取字节长度

SELECT LENGTH('hello,郭襄');

3、CHAR_LENGTH 获取字符个数
SELECT CHAR_LENGTH('hello,郭襄');

4、SUBSTRING 截取子串
/*
注意：起始索引从1开始！！！
substr(str,起始索引，截取的字符长度)
substr(str,起始索引)
*/
SELECT SUBSTR('张三丰爱上了郭襄',1,3);
SELECT SUBSTR('张三丰爱上了郭襄',7);

5、INSTR获取字符第一次出现的索引

SELECT INSTR('三打白骨精aaa白骨精bb白骨精','白骨精');

6、TRIM去前后指定的字符，默认是去空格


SELECT TRIM(' 虚  竹    ')  AS a;
SELECT TRIM('x' FROM 'xxxxxx虚xxx竹xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx')  AS a;

7、LPAD/RPAD  左填充/右填充
SELECT LPAD('木婉清',10,'a');
SELECT RPAD('木婉清',10,'a');

8、UPPER/LOWER  变大写/变小写

#案例：查询员工表的姓名，要求格式：姓首字符大写，其他字符小写，名所有字符大写，且姓和名之间用_分割，最后起别名“OUTPUT”


SELECT UPPER(SUBSTR(first_name,1,1)),first_name FROM employees;
SELECT LOWER(SUBSTR(first_name,2)),first_name FROM employees;
SELECT UPPER(last_name) FROM employees;

SELECT CONCAT(UPPER(SUBSTR(first_name,1,1)),LOWER(SUBSTR(first_name,2)),'_',UPPER(last_name)) "OUTPUT"
FROM employees;

9、STRCMP 比较两个字符大小

SELECT STRCMP('aec','aec');


10、LEFT/RIGHT  截取子串
SELECT LEFT('鸠摩智',1);
SELECT RIGHT('鸠摩智',1);


#二、数学函数

1、ABS 绝对值
SELECT ABS(-2.4);
2、CEIL 向上取整  返回>=该参数的最小整数
SELECT CEIL(-1.09);
SELECT CEIL(0.09);
SELECT CEIL(1.00);

3、FLOOR 向下取整，返回<=该参数的最大整数
SELECT FLOOR(-1.09);
SELECT FLOOR(0.09);
SELECT FLOOR(1.00);

4、ROUND 四舍五入
SELECT ROUND(1.8712345);
SELECT ROUND(1.8712345,2);

5、TRUNCATE 截断

SELECT TRUNCATE(1.8712345,1);

6、MOD 取余

SELECT MOD(-10,3);
a%b = a-(INT)a/b*b
-10%3 = -10 - (-10)/3*3   = -1

SELECT -10%3;
SELECT 10%3;
SELECT -10%-3;
SELECT 10%-3;


#三、日期函数


1、NOW
SELECT NOW();

2、CURDATE

SELECT CURDATE();

3、CURTIME
SELECT CURTIME();


4、DATEDIFF
SELECT DATEDIFF('1998-7-16','2019-7-13');

5、DATE_FORMAT

SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1998-7-16','%Y年%M月%d日 %H小时%i分钟%s秒') 出生日期;



SELECT DATE_FORMAT(hiredate,'%Y年%M月%d日 %H小时%i分钟%s秒')入职日期 
FROM employees;



6、STR_TO_DATE 按指定格式解析字符串为日期类型
SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE hiredate<STR_TO_DATE('3/15 1998','%m/%d %Y');



#四、流程控制函数


1、IF函数

SELECT IF(100>9,'好','坏');


#需求：如果有奖金，则显示最终奖金，如果没有，则显示0
SELECT IF(commission_pct IS NULL,0,salary*12*commission_pct)  奖金,commission_pct
FROM employees;



2、CASE函数

①情况1 ：类似于switch语句，可以实现等值判断
CASE 表达式
WHEN 值1 THEN 结果1
WHEN 值2 THEN 结果2
...
ELSE 结果n
END


案例：
部门编号是30，工资显示为2倍
部门编号是50，工资显示为3倍
部门编号是60，工资显示为4倍
否则不变

显示 部门编号，新工资，旧工资

SELECT department_id,salary,
CASE department_id
WHEN 30 THEN salary*2
WHEN 50 THEN salary*3
WHEN 60 THEN salary*4
ELSE salary
END  newSalary
FROM employees;


②情况2：类似于多重IF语句，实现区间判断
CASE 
WHEN 条件1 THEN 结果1
WHEN 条件2 THEN 结果2
...

ELSE 结果n

END



案例：如果工资>20000,显示级别A
      工资>15000,显示级别B
      工资>10000,显示级别C
      否则，显示D
      
 SELECT salary,
 CASE 
 WHEN salary>20000 THEN 'A'
 WHEN salary>15000 THEN 'B'
 WHEN salary>10000 THEN 'C'
 ELSE 'D'
 END
 AS  a
 FROM employees;

案例

#1. 显示系统时间(注：日期+时间)
SELECT NOW();

#2. 查询员工号，姓名，工资，以及工资提高百分之 20%后的结果（new salary）

SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary,salary*1.2 "new salary"
FROM employees;

#3. 将员工的姓名按首字母排序，并写出姓名的长度（length）

SELECT LENGTH(last_name) 长度
FROM employees
ORDER BY SUBSTR(last_name,1,1) ASC;


#4. 做一个查询，产生下面的结果
/*
<last_name> earns <salary> monthly but wants <salary*3>
          Dream Salary
King earns 24000 monthly but wants 72000
*/


SELECT CONCAT(last_name,' earns ',salary,' monthly but wants ',salary*3)  "Dream Salary"
FROM employees;




#5. 使用 case-when，按照下面的条件：
/*
job     grade
AD_PRES  A
ST_MAN   B
IT_PROG  C
SA_REP   D
ST_CLERK E



产生下面的结果
Last_name Job_id    Grade
king      AD_PRES   A

*/


SELECT last_name,job_id,
CASE job_id
WHEN 'AD_PRES'  THEN 'A'
WHEN 'ST_MAN'  THEN 'B'
WHEN 'IT_PROG'  THEN 'C'
WHEN 'SA_REP'  THEN 'D'
WHEN 'ST_CLERK'  THEN 'E'
END Grade

FROM employees;