名词 动词
代词 (分类、时态)
冠词 主谓一致
数词 倒装句
介词 简单句
形容词 并列句
副词 复合句
专有名词 |
Lucy, China, the Great Wall |
||
普通名词 |
可数名词 |
个体名词 |
pencil |
集体名词 |
family |
||
不可数名词 |
物质名词 |
water |
|
抽象名词 |
love |
可数名词变复数:
1、规则变化
一般在词尾加 -s,
读音为 /s/ 或 /z/ 或 /iz/
以-s, -x, -sh, -ch 结尾的加 -es,
读音为 /iz/
以y结尾的:
1、以辅音字母加y结尾的词,把y变成i,再 加 –es
2、以元音字母加y结尾的词直接加 –s
以f 或 fe 结尾的词:
把f 、fe 改为 v , 再加 -es
注意:
(1)有些以 -f 或 -fe 结尾的词直接加 -s 变成复数。
roof – roofs 屋顶 belief – beliefs 信仰
proof – proofs 证据 chief – chiefs 首领
(2)在大写字母及大写字母的缩写形式的复数中,应加 -s
three UFOs 100 BMWs
但A, I 这两个大写字母的复数形式为了
与As, Is 有所区别,应在其后加 ‘s
There are two I’s in this word.
He got three A’s and 2 Gs.
2. 不规则变化:
变内部元音
foot – feet ; tooth – teeth ;
goose – geese
mouse – mice ; man – men ;
词尾加 - en 或 - ren
ox – oxen ; child – children
单、复数词形相同的词
a sheep – two sheep ; a deer – five deer
a fish – three fish ; a means – some means
汉语音译词如度量衡、币制等单位名词无复数形式,但要用斜体
ten jin ; 100 mu ; five jiao ; ten li
“某国人”变复数:
单、复数形式相同
Chinese ; Japanese ; Swiss
变词尾的 man 为 men
Frenchman – Frenchmen;
Englishman – Englishmen
Dutchman – Dutchmen ;
Englishwoman – Englishwomen ;
词尾加 - s
German – Germans
Russian – Russians
American – Americans
最常见考点:
中日不变英法变,其余后面加 s
O 结尾的单词变复数:
一般直接加 – s
radios ; videos ; photos ;
zoos ; pianos ; kangaroos ;
加 – es
Negro – Negroes ; hero – heroes ;
potato – potatoes ; tomato – tomatoes ;
黑人英雄在土豆地里吃西红柿
复合名词变复数:
一般将主体名词变为复数:
father-in-law --- fathers-in-law 岳父
passer-by --- passers by 过路人
looker-on --- lookers-on 旁观者
无主体名词构成的复合词,在词尾加 –s
grown-up --- grown-ups 成年人
man, woman 位于复合名词前面,用来修饰其他名词时,将前后两个词都变为复数形式
man servant --- men servants 男仆人
woman driver --- women drivers 女司机
集体名词
例: family; class; team;
group; people; police
集体名词作主语时,谓语动词可单、可复,关键看是强调整体还是所包含的成员个体
His family is huge.
Your family are really warm hearted.
注意 ATTENTION:
police 做主语时,谓语动词只用复数形式
The police are asking him some questions about the accident now.
天生就只有复数形式的单词:
pants 裤子; shorts 短裤; glasses 眼镜trousers 长裤; gloves 手套; shoes 鞋子
scissors 剪子; socks 短袜; handcuffs 手铐;
jeans 牛仔裤; clothes 衣服 pajamas 睡衣
stairs 台阶; goods 物品
congratulations 祝贺
compasses 圆规
常用复数形式的名词短语:
do exercises 做运动 take turns 轮流
take notes 做笔记 as follows 如下
hurt one’s feelings 伤害某人的感情
in dozens 成打的
change trains / flights / buses 换乘
make friends with 与… 交朋友
shake hands with 同…握手
不可数名词的数:
1、数词或冠词 + 量词 + of + 不可数名词
(量词可以是单数也可以是复数,但 of 后的名词只用单数)
a piece of apple pie / news / meat / paper / chalk
a bar of chocolate 一块巧克力
a drop of water 一滴水
two cups of tea 两杯茶
2、用some, much, a little, a lot of, a bit of,
plenty of
much water; some useful information
注: 既可以与可数名词复数,
又可以与不可数名词连用的有:
plenty of; some;
a lot of; lots of;
most of;
注意:
1、 有些学科名词,虽以s结尾,仍为不可数名词。
maths 数学; politics 政治; physics 物理
2、 people 是集体名词,但当“民族”讲时,可用复 数形式 peoples
3、 以复数形式出现的书名、剧名、报纸、杂志名也 可视为单数。
The Arabian Nights is a very interesting storybook.
4、 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:trousers 长 裤, glasses 眼镜, shoes鞋子等,若表达具 体数目,要借助数量词pair(对/双)来表达。
a pair of glasses 一副眼镜
two pairs of trousers 两条长裤
5、 the United States 和 the United Nations 的 最后一个词虽然是复数,也应视为单数。
The United Nations was founded in 1945.
6、 fish 作“各种鱼类”讲时后面必须加 - es 构成复 数形式
There are a lot of fishes in this pool.
7、 专有名词一般视为不可数名词,有时也可视为 可数名词,可以由 a / an 修饰或用复数形式
The Whites are watching TV.
There is a McDonald at the street corner.
A Jackie is asking for you.
- 数词 + 名词 + 形容词构成的复合形容词,中间的 名词不能用复数形式而须用单数形式,如:
a five-year-old girl 一个五岁的女孩
a five-pound note 一张五英镑的纸币
a six-foot-deep hole 一个六英尺深的洞
a two-meter-long ruler 一把两米长的尺子
名词所有格:
所有格表示所有关系,修饰另一名词,做定语。
它有两种形式:
1. 由名词词尾加’s构成,多用来表示有生命的东西;
Jack’s birthday
2. 由 of + 名词 构成,多用来表示无生命的东西。
map of China
- 用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系,这时只在最后一个名词后加’s
This is Mary and her sister’s bedroom.
用and 连接两个并列名词,表示分别拥有各自的物品时,两个名词都在词尾加’s表示所有关系
These are Tom’s and Mary’s bags.
2. 以-s结尾的名词,在s后加 ’;
不以-s结尾的词在词尾加’s
Teachers’ Day Children’s Day
3. 双重所有格
of + 名词所有格
He is a friend of my brother’s.
of + 名词性物主代词
Is she a daughter of yours?
4. 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,也可以在词尾加’s构成所有格
an hour’s ride
two weeks’ time
five hundred meters’ distance
a million pounds’ note
真题演练:
(2010天津) If you work hard, you’ll get good ___.
A. grades B. notes C. lessons D. answers
(2010上海) The customers are pleased with the ___ of the restaurant.
A. balance B. experience
C. surface D. service
(2010广东) Look! The kites in the sky are in different ___ . Some are big and some are small.
A. size B. sizes C. color D. colors
(2010昆明) After ___ practice, Lang Lang is as well-known pianist now.
A. so many year B. so many years
C. so many year’s D. so many years’
A. fish B. potatoes C. noodles
(2009重庆) ---How far is your cousin’s home from here?
--- It’s about two ___ drive.
A. hour’s B. hours C. hours’ D. hour
(2009福州) Paper-making is ___ of ancient China.
A. one of greatest inventor
B. one of the greatest inventors
C. one of greatest invention
D. one of the greatest inventions
(2008沈阳) At the end of the volleyball match, our school ___ won by 3:1.
A. members B. group C. team D. fans
(2008武汉) --- Hurry up, Jack!
--- Just give me five minutes to put my desk in
___.
A. time B. line C. order D. shape
人称 代词 |
单数 |
复数 |
||||
1 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
|
主格 |
I |
you |
she, he, it |
we |
you |
they |
宾格 |
me |
you |
her, him, it |
us |
you |
them |
人称代词的用法:
(1)人称代词的主格在句中作主语。
(2)人称代词的宾格在句中作动词、介词的宾 语,还可以作表语使用。
___ love our motherland. ( We, Us )
___ is a good listener. ( Her, She )
Transformers are waiting for ___. ( he, him)
人称代词的语序
几个人称代词并列做主语时,它们的顺序是:
单数形式(2,3,1) you, he/she/it , I
复数形式(1,2,3) we, you, they
人称代词 it 的特殊用法
(1)一般情况下,it 表示人以外的动物和东西,是单数名词的代词,意思为:“它”。 It is a mirror.
(2)有时也可以指心目中不太清楚地那个人,指代 child, baby 等性别不太清楚地名词,指代 someone和somebody等表示人的不定代词。
Who is it? (门外)
What is it?
(3)在表示天气、时间、距离、环境等时,用it代替,此时的it, 并不翻译作“它”。
指天气:It’s raining cats and dogs.
指气候:It’s much hotter that last year.
指时间:It’s 2 am.
指距离:Is it far from here?
指环境:It is so clean in the countryside.
物 主 代 词 |
单数 |
复数 |
||||
1 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
|
我的 |
你的 |
他 /她 /它的 |
我们的 |
你们的 |
他 /她 /它们的 |
|
形容 词性 |
my |
your |
his /her /its |
our |
your |
their |
名词性 |
mine |
yours |
his /hers /its |
ours |
yours |
theirs |
1. 形容词性物主代词在句中作定语修饰名词,
一般不单独使用
People all love his voice.
2. 名词性物主代词常用来避免和前面已提及的名词重复,相当于“形容词性物主代词 + 名词”。
My car is brand new, her car is old and ugly, so she wants to borrow mine.
3. 名词性物主代词可用在 of 后面作定语,
相当于 “of + 名词所有格”,
表示带有部分概念或有一定感情色彩
Lucy is a girl, she is a friend of ___.
( I, my, mine, me)
---This is my PSP, where is ___.
(your, you, yours, you)
反身代词 |
单数 |
复数 |
第一人称 |
myself 我自己 |
ourselves 我们自己 |
第二人称 |
yourself 你自己 |
yourselves 你们自己 |
第三人称 |
himself 他自己 herself 她自己 itself 它自己 |
themselves 他/她/它们自己 |
反身代词常用于一些固定搭配中,如:
teach oneself 自学
learn by oneself 自学
enjoy oneself 过得愉快,玩得高兴
help oneself to 随便吃
come to oneself 苏醒
by oneself 亲自
look after oneself 照顾自己
make oneself at home 不拘束
express oneself 表达自己的想法
单数 |
this, that |
复数 |
these, those |
指示代词的用法
(1) this/ these 近指下文要提到的事物
Please remember this: no pain, no gain.
(2)that/ those 远指或者指前面刚刚提过的事
I went to Thailand last summer, that was an amazing trip.
(3)打电话时用this介绍自己,用that询问对方
---This is Jane, who is that?
疑问代词 |
例句 |
who |
Who wants to have ice cream? |
whom |
To whom are you talking? |
whose |
Whose car is this? |
what / who |
What’s your father? --- He is a teacher. |
Who is the man? --- He is a Jackie Chen. |
|
what / which |
What can I do for you? |
Which one do you prefer? |
some, any 一些 |
few, little 一点儿 |
none, one, other |
many, much 很多 |
either, neither |
|
each, every 每个 |
both, all 都 |
some |
“一些”, 可修饰可数名词、不可数名词; 一般用于肯定句中 There are some people playing CS. |
any |
“一些” 可修饰可数名词,不可数名词; 一般用于疑问句、否定句 Are there any students in the classroom? |
many |
“很多” 修饰可数名词; 可与表示程度的副词so, too, as, how连用; There are so many mice in the kitchen. |
much |
“很多” 修饰不可数名词 可与表示程度的副词so, too, as, how连用; You put too much salt in the soup. |
each |
“每一个” 强调个别,可以独立适用 谓语动词用单数 There are trees on each side of the street. |
every |
“每一个” 强调整体情况,修饰名词 谓语动词用单数 Every Chinese is proud of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. |
范围=2者 |
both |
either |
neither |
范围≥3者 |
all |
any |
none |
中文翻译 |
都 |