在Django中,Ajax(Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)通常用于在前端与后端之间进行异步通信。在这种情况下,序列化和反序列化是常见的任务,用于将数据在前端和后端之间进行转换。
序列化与反序列是最常用的功能,有时我们需要将一个表单组打包成Json格式等然后再提交给服务端,这样可以提高效率节约带框,如下是Django配合Ajax实现的序列化与反序列化,文件上传等操作。
Ajax序列化与反序列化
前端Ajax通过序列化发送JSON数据,后端通过反序列化接收数据并处理数据.
<!-- name: index.html -->
<div>
<p><input type="text" name="username" placeholder="输入用户名"></p>
<p><input type="password" name="password" placeholder="输入用户密码"></p>
<p><button class="Send_AJAX">发送数据</button><span class="ErrorTag"></span></p>
</div>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.4.1.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(".Send_AJAX").click(function () {
var username = $('input[name="username"]').val();
var passowrd = $('input[name="password"]').val();
$.ajax({
url:"/_ajax/",
type:"POST",
contentType:"application/json;charset=utf-8",
data:JSON.stringify({ username: username, password: passowrd }), // 序列化
success:function (data) {
var data = JSON.parse(data); // 反序列化
if(!data["flag"]){
$(".ErrorTag").html("用户名或密码错误");
}else{
$(".ErrorTag").html("密码输入正确");
}
},
error:function (data) {
alert('未知错误,数据通信失败!');
}
});
})
</script>
视图层
# name: views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
import json
def index(request):
return render(request,"index.html")
def _ajax(request):
data = request.body.decode("utf-8")
json_data = json.loads(data) # 加载返回的json数据
host = request.get_host() # 得到远程主机IP地址
port = request.get_port() # 得到远程主机端口
response = {}
username = json_data.get("username")
password = json_data.get("password")
if username == "admin" and password == "123123":
response['flag'] = True
else:
response['flag'] = False
return HttpResponse(json.dumps(response))
路由层
# name: urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from MyWeb import views
urlpatterns = [
path("",views.index),
path('_ajax/',views._ajax),
]
Ajax局部序列化与全局序列化
实现前端标签的局部序列化与全局序列化功能.
<!--name: index.html-->
<form action="/_Ajax/" method="post" id="myForm">
<input type="text" name="username" value="默认数据"></input>
<select name="grade" id="grade">
<option value="1">一年级</option>
<option value="2">二年级</option>
</select>
<input name="sex" type="radio" checked="checked" value="1">男</input>
<input name="sex" type="radio" value="0" />女</input>
<input name="hobby" type="checkbox" value="1" />游泳</input>
<input name="hobby" type="checkbox" value="2" />跑步</input>
<input name="btn" id="btn" type="button" value="提交数据"></input>
</form>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.4.1.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$("#btn").click(function(){
$.ajax({
url: "./_Ajax/",
type: "POST",
//data: $("#myForm").serialize(), // 序列化整个myForm表单
data: $("#myForm").serialize(":text,:checkbox"), // 只序列化其中的两个
success:function (data) {
var data = JSON.parse(data);
if(data["status"] == "ok")
{
alert("后端已经接收到了.")
}
}
})
})
</script>
视图层
# name: views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
import json
def index(request):
return render(request,"index.html")
def _Ajax(request):
username = request.POST.get("username")
grade = request.POST.get("grade")
sex = request.POST.get("sex")
hobby = request.POST.get("hobby")
print("用户名:{} 年级:{} 性别:{} 爱好:{}".format(username,grade,sex,hobby))
return HttpResponse(json.dumps({"status":"ok"}))
路由层
# name: urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from MyWeb import views
urlpatterns = [
path("",views.index),
path('_ajax/',views._ajax),
]
ajax实现伪Socket
伪socket实现的方式就是通过短轮询的方式实现,前端一直请求后台接口。
index.html
<script src="https://lyshark.com/cdn/jquery/3.5.1/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://lyshark.com/cdn/xterm/xterm.css" />
<script src="https://lyshark.com/cdn/xterm/xterm.js"></script>
<div class="panel panel-primary">
<div class="panel-footer">
<input type="text" id="command" placeholder="执行命令" style="width:400px;height:40px"/>
<input type="button" value="执行命令" onclick="sendData()">
</div>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(
<!--设置定时器-->
function () {
fetchData();
setInterval(fetchData, 100);
}
);
<!-- 接收数据走GET-->
function fetchData(){
$.ajax({
url:"/_ajax/",
type:"GET",
dataType: 'json',
success:function (recv) {
console.log(recv.response);
}
})
}
<!-- 发送数据默认走POST-->
function sendData()
{
var command = $("#command").val();
console.log(command);
$.ajax({
url:"/_ajax/",
type:"POST",
contentType:"application/json;",
data: JSON.stringify({"command":command}),
success:function (send) {
}
})
}
</script>
</head>
视图层
views.Py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
import json
def index(request):
return render(request,"index.html")
def _ajax(request):
if request.method == "GET":
return HttpResponse(json.dumps({"response": "abcde"}))
else:
data = request.body.decode("utf-8")
json_data = json.loads(data)
command = json_data.get("command")
print(command)
return HttpResponse("ok")
路由层
urls.Py
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('index/',views.index),
path('_ajax/',views._ajax)
]
Ajax 同源跨域操作
针对同源策略的跨域读取数据
<p class="ShowList"></p>
<input type="button" value="跨域获取数据" onclick="Ajax()" />
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.4.1.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
function Ajax() {
$.ajax({
url: "http://www.jxntv.cn/data/jmd-jxtv2.html?callback=list&_=1454376870403",
contentType: "GET",
dataType: "jsonp",
jsonp: "callback",
jsonpCallback: "list", // 此处的List必须与网站中的callback一致
success:function (data) {
var week_list = data.data;
$.each(week_list,function (key,value) {
//console.log(key,value); // 0 {week: "周日", list: Array(19)}
var str = value.week;
//console.log(str) // 周日 周一 周二
//$(".ShowList").append(str); // 给上方标签插入数据
$.each(value.list,function (k,v) {
//console.log(k,v); //{time: "1730", name: "《地宝当家》", link: "http://xxx.cn"}
var name = v.name; // 取出电台名字
var link = v.link; // 取出它的地址
$(".ShowList").append(name,link,"</br>"); // 获取到电台节目
});
});
}
});
}
</script>
Ajax实现文件上传操作
简单实现文件上传功能。
<!--name: index.html-->
<input type="file" id="upload">
<p><button class="btn">上传文件</button><span class="alert"></span></p>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.4.1.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(".btn").click(function(){
var formData = new FormData();
formData.append("file",$("#upload")[0].files[0]);
$.ajax({
url: "/put_file/",
type: "POST",
data:formData,
contentType: false,
processData: false,
success:function (data) {
$(".alert").html("上传成功")
}
})
})
</script>
视图层
# name:views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
def index(request):
return render(request,"index.html")
def put_file(request):
if request.method == "POST":
file_obj = request.FILES.get("file")
with open(file_obj.name,"wb") as f:
for item in file_obj:
f.write(item)
return HttpResponse("上传完成")
Ajax局部序列化
通过Ajax序列化功能实现用户登录后验证是否正确,并返回结果到前台.
首先是前端index.html
其引入Jquery库,并使用Ajax与后端通信.
<div>
<p><input type="text" name="username" placeholder="输入用户名"></p>
<p><input type="password" name="password" placeholder="输入用户密码"></p>
<p><button class="send_ajax">发送数据</button><span class="ErrorTag"></span></p>
</div>
<script src="https://cdn.lyshark.com/jquery/3.5.1/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(".send_ajax").click(function () {
var username = $('input[name="username"]').val();
var passowrd = $('input[name="password"]').val();
$.ajax({
url:"/_ajax/",
type:"POST",
contentType:"application/json;charset=utf-8",
data:JSON.stringify({ username: username, password: passowrd }), // 序列化
success:function (data) {
var data = JSON.parse(data); // 反序列化
if(!data["flag"]){
$(".ErrorTag").html("用户名或密码错误");
}else{
$(".ErrorTag").html("密码输入正确");
}
},
error:function (data) {
alert('未知错误,数据通信失败!');
}
});
})
</script>
其次是后端,通过views.py
中的两个方法对用户发送的数据进行验证,并返回JSON格式的回执信息.
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
import json
def index(request):
return render(request,"index.html")
def _ajax(request):
data = request.body.decode("utf-8")
json_data = json.loads(data) # 加载返回的json数据
host = request.get_host() # 得到远程主机IP地址
port = request.get_port() # 得到远程主机端口
response = {}
username = json_data.get("username")
password = json_data.get("password")
if username == "admin" and password == "123123":
response['flag'] = True
else:
response['flag'] = False
return HttpResponse(json.dumps(response))
最后是urls.py
路由层,分别添加两个路由选项.
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from MyWeb import views
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('',views.index),
path('_ajax/',views._ajax)
]
Ajax全局序列化
全局序列化的主要作用是批量提交数据,可使用serialize
进行全局提交.
前端index.html
代码如下,基本上没有太大变化.
<form action="/_ajax/" method="post" id="myForm">
<input type="text" name="username" value="默认数据"></input>
<select name="grade" id="grade">
<option value="1">一年级</option>
<option value="2">二年级</option>
</select>
<input name="sex" type="radio" checked="checked" value="1">男</input>
<input name="sex" type="radio" value="0" />女</input>
<input name="hobby" type="checkbox" value="1" />游泳</input>
<input name="hobby" type="checkbox" value="2" />跑步</input>
<input name="btn" id="btn" type="button" value="提交数据"></input>
</form>
<script src="https://cdn.lyshark.com/jquery/3.5.1/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$("#btn").click(function(){
$.ajax({
url: "./_ajax/",
type: "POST",
data: $("#myForm").serialize(), // 序列化整个myForm表单
// data: $("#myForm").serialize(":text,:checkbox"), // 只序列化其中的两个
success:function (data) {
var data = JSON.parse(data);
if(data["status"] == "ok")
{
alert("后端已经接收到了.")
}
}
})
})
</script>
后台中的views.py
视图函数需要变化一下,我们可以根据自己的需要接收不同的参数,路由不变.
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
import json
def index(request):
return render(request,"index.html")
def _ajax(request):
username = request.POST.get("username")
grade = request.POST.get("grade")
sex = request.POST.get("sex")
hobby = request.POST.get("hobby")
print("用户名:{} 年级:{} 性别:{} 爱好:{}".format(username,grade,sex,hobby))
return HttpResponse(json.dumps({"status":"ok"}))
Ajax 实现上传文件
文件上传需要使用Ajax中的FormData
这个对象,来实现文件上传功能.
前端index.html
代码需要需改为如下样子.
<input type="file" id="upload">
<p><button class="btn">上传文件</button><span class="alert"></span></p>
<script src="https://cdn.lyshark.com/jquery/3.5.1/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(".btn").click(function(){
var formData = new FormData();
formData.append("file",$("#upload")[0].files[0]);
$.ajax({
url: "/_ajax/",
type: "POST",
data:formData,
contentType: false,
processData: false,
success:function (data) {
$(".alert").html("上传成功")
}
})
})
</script>
后端views.py
视图则需要接受参数并打开文件实现上传,上传后的名字由request.FILES
字段取得.
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
def index(request):
return render(request,"index.html")
def _ajax(request):
if request.method == "POST":
file_obj = request.FILES.get("file")
with open(file_obj.name,"wb") as f:
for item in file_obj:
f.write(item)
return HttpResponse("上传完成")
Ajax 实现在线编辑器
使用Ajax配合codemirror
框架实现的在线文本编辑器.
前端index.html
代码如下.
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.lyshark.com/codemirror/codemirror.css"/>
<script src="https://cdn.lyshark.com/codemirror/codemirror.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn.lyshark.com/jquery/3.5.1/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<div>
<textarea className="form-control" id="code" name="code"></textarea>
<p>输入文件路径: <input type="text" name="file_path" placeholder="输入文件路径"></p>
<p><button class="open_ajax">打开文件</button></p>
<p><button class="save_ajax">保存文件</button></p>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript" charSet="utf-8">
var editor = CodeMirror.fromTextArea(document.getElementById("code"), {
theme: "neat", // 设置主题
lineNumbers: true, // 显示行号
indentUnit: 4, // 缩进单位为4
styleActiveLine: true, // 当前行背景高亮
matchBrackets: true, // 括号匹配
mode: 'htmlmixed', // HMTL混合模式
lineWrapping: true, // 自动换行
foldGutter: true,
gutters: ["CodeMirror-linenumbers", "CodeMirror-foldgutter"],
});
editor.setSize('500px', '400px'); // 设置框架大小
editor.setValue(""); // 给代码框赋值
editor.getValue(); // 获取代码框的值
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" charSet="utf-8">
// 执行打开文件
$(".open_ajax").click(function () {
var file_path = $('input[name="file_path"]').val();
$.ajax({
url:"/_ajax/",
type:"POST",
contentType:"application/json;charset=utf-8",
data:JSON.stringify({ type: "open", file_path: file_path }),
success:function (data) {
editor.undo();
editor.setValue(data);
},
error:function (data) {
editor.setValue("error");
}
});
})
// 执行保存文件的过程
$(".save_ajax").click(function(){
var file_path = $('input[name="file_path"]').val();
$.ajax({
url:"/_ajax/",
type:"POST",
contentType:"application/json;charset=utf-8",
data:JSON.stringify({ type:"save", file_path: file_path ,save_data: editor.getValue() }),
success:function (data) {
editor.setValue("save as success");
},
error:function (data) {
editor.setValue("error");
}
});
})
</script>
后端views.py
视图层代码.
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
import json
def index(request):
return render(request,"index.html")
def _ajax(request):
data = request.body.decode("utf-8")
json_data = json.loads(data)
type = json_data.get("type")
file_path = json_data.get("file_path")
if (type == "open"):
with open(file_path,"r") as fp:
ref = fp.readlines()
return HttpResponse(ref)
elif(type == "save"):
save_data = json_data.get("save_data")
with open(file_path,"w") as fp:
fp.write(save_data)
return HttpResponse("ok")
return HttpResponse("none")