[Python小菜]__call__是什么

python2.73

python函数中有个叫做闭包的用法，其实还有一种类操作中类似闭包的效果

>>> class A:
...     pass
...
>>> a = A
>>> a
<class __main__.A at 0x02BEC500>
>>> b = A()
>>> b
<__main__.A instance at 0x02C1BBE8>
>>> type(a)     
<type 'classobj'>  #a是class对象
>>> type(b)
<type 'instance'>  #b是class实例
>>> a()
<__main__.A instance at 0x02C15800>  #加了一个括号就是实例化对象
>>> b()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: A instance has no __call__ method #对象调用就出现了一个__call__

??? 这个call是什么呢，实例一般只能调用方法或者属性 A.b的形式

a()当然就不对了，Python却是可以让类实例也可以变成类似方法的直接调用

看下文档中的解释 

Class instances are described below. Class instances are callable only when the class has a __call__() method; x(arguments) is a shorthand for x.__call__(arguments)

当一个类实现了__call__方法后就可以被调用了 

那好，试试看

>>> class B:
...     def __call__(self):
...         print 'hi'
...
>>> B()
<__main__.B instance at 0x02C15E18>
>>> B()()  #生成一个实例，并调用自身
hi
>>> b=B()
>>> b()
hi

但是到底有什么好吃也不太懂。你发现stackoverflow很多人也问到关于这个的问题，

那找找看看别人的说法吧。

在thinking in 各种语言的作者Bruce Eckel的博客里找到这么一点

可以去看看 http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=240845

说的是用 __call__的class作为无参数装饰器 

class decoratorWithoutArguments(object):

    def __init__(self, f):
        """
        If there are no decorator arguments, the function
        to be decorated is passed to the constructor.
        """
        print "Inside __init__()"
        self.f = f

    def __call__(self, *args):
        """
        The __call__ method is not called until the
        decorated function is called.
        """
        print "Inside __call__()"
        self.f(*args)
        print "After self.f(*args)"

@decoratorWithoutArguments
def sayHello(a1, a2, a3, a4):
    print 'sayHello arguments:', a1, a2, a3, a4

print "After decoration"
#这种装饰器会在__init__会被调用一次，每次调用时候都会调用__call__
print "Preparing to call sayHello()"
sayHello("say", "hello", "argument", "list")
print "After first sayHello() call"
sayHello("a", "different", "set of", "arguments")
print "After second sayHello() call"