数据探索

使用 Pandas 进行数据探索

---

介绍

本次实验通过分析电信运营商的客户离网率数据集来熟悉 Pandas 数据探索的常用方法，并构建一个预测客户离网率的简单模型。

知识点

• 排列
• 索引
• 交叉表
• 透视表
• 数据探索

---

Pandas 的主要方法

Pandas 是基于 NumPy 的一种工具，提供了大量数据探索的方法。Pandas 可以使用类似 SQL 的方式对 .csv、.tsv、.xlsx 等格式的数据进行处理分析。

Pandas 主要使用的数据结构是 Series 和 DataFrame 类。下面简要介绍下这两类：

• Series 是一种类似于一维数组的对象，它由一组数据（各种 NumPy 数据类型）及一组与之相关的数据标签（即索引）组成。
• DataFrame 是一个二维数据结构，即一张表格，其中每列数据的类型相同。你可以把它看成由 Series 实例构成的字典。

下面开始此次实验，我们将通过分析电信运营商的客户离网率数据集来展示 Pandas 的主要方法。

首先载入必要的库，即 NumPy 和 Pandas。

教学代码：

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')

通过 read_csv() 方法读取数据，然后使用 head() 方法查看前 5 行数据。

df = pd.read_csv(
    '../../data/telecom_churn.csv')
df.head()

	State	Account length	Area code	International plan	Voice mail plan	Number vmail messages	Total day minutes	Total day calls	Total day charge	Total eve minutes	Total eve calls	Total eve charge	Total night minutes	Total night calls	Total night charge	Total intl minutes	Total intl calls	Total intl charge	Customer service calls	Churn
0	KS	128	415	No	Yes	25	265.1	110	45.07	197.4	99	16.78	244.7	91	11.01	10.0	3	2.70	1	False
1	OH	107	415	No	Yes	26	161.6	123	27.47	195.5	103	16.62	254.4	103	11.45	13.7	3	3.70	1	False
2	NJ	137	415	No	No	0	243.4	114	41.38	121.2	110	10.30	162.6	104	7.32	12.2	5	3.29	0	False
3	OH	84	408	Yes	No	0	299.4	71	50.90	61.9	88	5.26	196.9	89	8.86	6.6	7	1.78	2	False
4	OK	75	415	Yes	No	0	166.7	113	28.34	148.3	122	12.61	186.9	121	8.41	10.1	3	2.73	3	False

上图中的每行对应一位客户，每列对应客户的一个特征。

让我们查看一下该数据库的维度、特征名称和特征类型。

df.shape

(3333, 20)

上述结果表明，我们的列表包含 3333 行和 20 列。下面我们尝试打印列名。

df.columns

Index(['State', 'Account length', 'Area code', 'International plan',
       'Voice mail plan', 'Number vmail messages', 'Total day minutes',
       'Total day calls', 'Total day charge', 'Total eve minutes',
       'Total eve calls', 'Total eve charge', 'Total night minutes',
       'Total night calls', 'Total night charge', 'Total intl minutes',
       'Total intl calls', 'Total intl charge', 'Customer service calls',
       'Churn'],
      dtype='object')

我们还可以使用 info() 方法输出 DataFrame 的一些总体信息。

df.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 3333 entries, 0 to 3332
Data columns (total 20 columns):
State                     3333 non-null object
Account length            3333 non-null int64
Area code                 3333 non-null int64
International plan        3333 non-null object
Voice mail plan           3333 non-null object
Number vmail messages     3333 non-null int64
Total day minutes         3333 non-null float64
Total day calls           3333 non-null int64
Total day charge          3333 non-null float64
Total eve minutes         3333 non-null float64
Total eve calls           3333 non-null int64
Total eve charge          3333 non-null float64
Total night minutes       3333 non-null float64
Total night calls         3333 non-null int64
Total night charge        3333 non-null float64
Total intl minutes        3333 non-null float64
Total intl calls          3333 non-null int64
Total intl charge         3333 non-null float64
Customer service calls    3333 non-null int64
Churn                     3333 non-null bool
dtypes: bool(1), float64(8), int64(8), object(3)
memory usage: 498.1+ KB

bool、int64、float64 和 object 是该数据库特征的数据类型。这一方法同时也会显示是否有缺失值，上述结果表明在该数据集中不存在缺失值，因为每列都包含 3333 个观测，和我们之前使用 shape 方法得到的数字是一致的。

astype() 方法可以更改列的类型，下列公式将 Churn 离网率 特征修改为 int64 类型。

df['Churn'] = df['Churn'].astype('int64')

describe() 方法可以显示数值特征（int64 和 float64）的基本统计学特性，如未缺失值的数值、均值、标准差、范围、四分位数等。

df.describe()

	Account length	Area code	Number vmail messages	Total day minutes	Total day calls	Total day charge	Total eve minutes	Total eve calls	Total eve charge	Total night minutes	Total night calls	Total night charge	Total intl minutes	Total intl calls	Total intl charge	Customer service calls	Churn
count	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000
mean	101.064806	437.182418	8.099010	179.775098	100.435644	30.562307	200.980348	100.114311	17.083540	200.872037	100.107711	9.039325	10.237294	4.479448	2.764581	1.562856	0.144914
std	39.822106	42.371290	13.688365	54.467389	20.069084	9.259435	50.713844	19.922625	4.310668	50.573847	19.568609	2.275873	2.791840	2.461214	0.753773	1.315491	0.352067
min	1.000000	408.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	23.200000	33.000000	1.040000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000
25%	74.000000	408.000000	0.000000	143.700000	87.000000	24.430000	166.600000	87.000000	14.160000	167.000000	87.000000	7.520000	8.500000	3.000000	2.300000	1.000000	0.000000
50%	101.000000	415.000000	0.000000	179.400000	101.000000	30.500000	201.400000	100.000000	17.120000	201.200000	100.000000	9.050000	10.300000	4.000000	2.780000	1.000000	0.000000
75%	127.000000	510.000000	20.000000	216.400000	114.000000	36.790000	235.300000	114.000000	20.000000	235.300000	113.000000	10.590000	12.100000	6.000000	3.270000	2.000000	0.000000
max	243.000000	510.000000	51.000000	350.800000	165.000000	59.640000	363.700000	170.000000	30.910000	395.000000	175.000000	17.770000	20.000000	20.000000	5.400000	9.000000	1.000000

通过 include 参数显式指定包含的数据类型，可以查看非数值特征的统计数据。

df.describe(include=['object', 'bool'])

	State	International plan	Voice mail plan
count	3333	3333	3333
unique	51	2	2
top	WV	No	No
freq	106	3010	2411

df.describe(include='all')

	State	Account length	Area code	International plan	Voice mail plan	Number vmail messages	Total day minutes	Total day calls	Total day charge	Total eve minutes	Total eve calls	Total eve charge	Total night minutes	Total night calls	Total night charge	Total intl minutes	Total intl calls	Total intl charge	Customer service calls	Churn
count	3333	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333	3333	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000	3333.000000
unique	51	NaN	NaN	2	2	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
top	WV	NaN	NaN	No	No	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
freq	106	NaN	NaN	3010	2411	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
mean	NaN	101.064806	437.182418	NaN	NaN	8.099010	179.775098	100.435644	30.562307	200.980348	100.114311	17.083540	200.872037	100.107711	9.039325	10.237294	4.479448	2.764581	1.562856	0.144914
std	NaN	39.822106	42.371290	NaN	NaN	13.688365	54.467389	20.069084	9.259435	50.713844	19.922625	4.310668	50.573847	19.568609	2.275873	2.791840	2.461214	0.753773	1.315491	0.352067
min	NaN	1.000000	408.000000	NaN	NaN	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	23.200000	33.000000	1.040000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000
25%	NaN	74.000000	408.000000	NaN	NaN	0.000000	143.700000	87.000000	24.430000	166.600000	87.000000	14.160000	167.000000	87.000000	7.520000	8.500000	3.000000	2.300000	1.000000	0.000000
50%	NaN	101.000000	415.000000	NaN	NaN	0.000000	179.400000	101.000000	30.500000	201.400000	100.000000	17.120000	201.200000	100.000000	9.050000	10.300000	4.000000	2.780000	1.000000	0.000000
75%	NaN	127.000000	510.000000	NaN	NaN	20.000000	216.400000	114.000000	36.790000	235.300000	114.000000	20.000000	235.300000	113.000000	10.590000	12.100000	6.000000	3.270000	2.000000	0.000000
max	NaN	243.000000	510.000000	NaN	NaN	51.000000	350.800000	165.000000	59.640000	363.700000	170.000000	30.910000	395.000000	175.000000	17.770000	20.000000	20.000000	5.400000	9.000000	1.000000

value_counts()