linux环境下python3导入MySQLdb失败

1. 首先，MySQLdb这个包在python2版本是可以直接 pip install MySQLdb 下载的，但是，python3是不支持这么干的。

2. 其次，python3对于这个包的下载用的是另一个第三方包的名称：mysqlclient

接下来看几个报错信息：

(py38env) ymengkai@ubuntu:~/p4/scm_project/build$ python3
Python 3.8.1 (default, Jun 27 2022, 19:45:39) 
[GCC 7.5.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import MySQLdb
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'MySQLdb'
>>> 

(py38env) ymengkai@ubuntu:~/p4/scm_project/build$ pip install mysqlclient
Looking in indexes: https://build-artifactory.eng.vmware.com/artifactory/api/pypi/pypi-virtual/simple
Collecting mysqlclient
  Downloading https://build-artifactory.eng.vmware.com/artifactory/api/pypi/pypi-virtual/packages/packages/50/5f/eac919b88b9df39bbe4a855f136d58f80d191cfea34a3dcf96bf5d8ace0a/mysqlclient-2.1.1.tar.gz (88 kB)
     ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 88.1/88.1 kB 397.7 kB/s eta 0:00:00
  Preparing metadata (setup.py) ... error
  error: subprocess-exited-with-error
  
  × python setup.py egg_info did not run successfully.
  │ exit code: 1
  ╰─> [16 lines of output]
      /bin/sh: 1: mysql_config: not found
      /bin/sh: 1: mariadb_config: not found
      /bin/sh: 1: mysql_config: not found
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<string>", line 2, in <module>
        File "<pip-setuptools-caller>", line 34, in <module>
        File "/tmp/pip-install-xeoyrqi2/mysqlclient_1d4d271ae9ca47de88613e25418e3780/setup.py", line 15, in <module>
          metadata, options = get_config()
        File "/tmp/pip-install-xeoyrqi2/mysqlclient_1d4d271ae9ca47de88613e25418e3780/setup_posix.py", line 70, in get_config
          libs = mysql_config("libs")
        File "/tmp/pip-install-xeoyrqi2/mysqlclient_1d4d271ae9ca47de88613e25418e3780/setup_posix.py", line 31, in mysql_config
          raise OSError("{} not found".format(_mysql_config_path))
      OSError: mysql_config not found
      mysql_config --version
      mariadb_config --version
      mysql_config --libs
      [end of output]
  
  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: metadata-generation-failed

× Encountered error while generating package metadata.
╰─> See above for output.

note: This is an issue with the package mentioned above, not pip.
hint: See above for details.

发现下不下来，还是有问题，但是问题是mysql_config，mariadb_config，mysql_config找不到，具体错误是，OSError: mysql_config not found。

接下来解决这个问题：

执行命令：sudo apt-get install libmysqlclient-dev

然后就ok了。

再次下载mysqlclient包：

(py38env) ymengkai@ubuntu:~/p4/scm_project/build$ pip install mysqlclient
Looking in indexes: https://build-artifactory.eng.vmware.com/artifactory/api/pypi/pypi-virtual/simple
Collecting mysqlclient
  Using cached https://build-artifactory.eng.vmware.com/artifactory/api/pypi/pypi-virtual/packages/packages/50/5f/eac919b88b9df39bbe4a855f136d58f80d191cfea34a3dcf96bf5d8ace0a/mysqlclient-2.1.1.tar.gz (88 kB)
  Preparing metadata (setup.py) ... done
Installing collected packages: mysqlclient
  DEPRECATION: mysqlclient is being installed using the legacy 'setup.py install' method, because it does not have a 'pyproject.toml' and the 'wheel' package is not installed. pip 23.1 will enforce this behaviour change. A possible replacement is to enable the '--use-pep517' option. Discussion can be found at https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/8559
  Running setup.py install for mysqlclient ... done
Successfully installed mysqlclient-2.1.1

验证下：

(py38env) ymengkai@ubuntu:~/p4/scm_project/build$ python3
Python 3.8.1 (default, Jun 27 2022, 19:45:39) 
[GCC 7.5.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import MySQLdb
>>> 

这就ok了....

但是有一点注意下，事实上，在python3中，基本是不再使用MySQLdb包了，正如上面看到的，会很麻烦，不仅需要 pip 去下载一些包，关键是还需要对平台做一些操作，问题是，这样以来，若是跨平台了，又得重新倒腾，哪怕不跨平台，就是换一个机子，那也得再倒腾一次。所以很不方便，因此，最好的做法就是换掉它，直接用pymysql就好了。