C++虚函数和多态
一、虚函数和虚函数表
- 什么是虚函数
- 用virtual修饰的成员函数叫做虚函数
- 虚函数对于类的影响
- 增加一个指针的内存,32位4个字节,64为就是8个字节
- 虚函数表(了解一下):就是一个指针存储所有虚函数的首地址
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class STU
{
public:
virtual void print1()
{
cout << "虚函数1" << endl;
}
virtual void print2()
{
cout << "虚函数2" << endl;
}
virtual void print3();
protected:
};
void STU::print3()
{
cout << "虚函数3" << endl;
}
class A
{
int age;
};
void testVirtual()
{
//C语言不允许存在空的结构体
cout << sizeof(STU) << endl; //空的类或者结构体占用1个字节
cout << sizeof(A) << endl;
STU stu;
//虚函数表
int** vptr = (int **)&stu;
typedef void(*PF)();
PF func = (PF)vptr[0][0];
func(); //调用第一个虚函数
func = (PF)vptr[0][1];
func(); //调用第二个虚函数
func = (PF)vptr[0][2];
func(); //调用第三个虚函数
}
int main()
{
testVirtual();
while (1);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
二、虚函数和多态
- 多态定义:同一种行为(调用)导致的不同结果
- 多态的必要性原则
- 必须父类存在虚函数
- 子类必须要采用public继承
- 必须存在指针引用(使用)
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class STU
{
public:
void Work1()
{
cout << "学生写作业" << endl;
}
virtual void Work2() //父类必须要有virtual
{
cout << "vitual学生改作业" << endl;
}
protected:
};
class TEACH:public STU
{
public:
void Work1()
{
cout << "老师写作业" << endl;
}
void Work2()
{
cout << "老师改作业" << endl;
}
protected:
};
void testVirtual()
{
//正常访问不存在多态
cout << "正常访问,就近原则" << endl;
STU ps;
ps.Work1();
ps.Work2();
TEACH pt;
pt.Work1();
pt.Work2();
cout << "指针访问,正常赋值" << endl;
STU* stu = new STU;
stu->Work1();
stu->Work2();
TEACH* teach = new TEACH;
teach->Work1();
teach->Work2();
cout << "非正常赋值:子类对象初始化父类指针" << endl;
STU* parent = new TEACH;
//有virtual看对象类型,没有virtual看指针
parent->Work1(); //不是虚函数
parent->Work2(); //是虚函数
parent = new STU;
parent->Work2();
}
void printInfo(STU* parent)
{
parent->Work2();
}
class Shape
{
public:
virtual void Draw()
{
cout << "绘制过程" << endl;
}
protected:
};
class Rect :public Shape
{
public:
void Draw()
{
cout << "画矩形" << endl;
}
protected:
};
class Circle :public Shape
{
public:
void Draw()
{
cout << "画圆" << endl;
}
protected:
};
class Triangle :public Shape
{
public:
void Draw()
{
cout << "画三角形" << endl;
}
protected:
};
class Ellipse :public Shape
{
public:
void Draw()
{
cout << "画椭圆" << endl;
}
protected:
};
//降低因为变化而要修改代码
//采用增加代码的方式满足新需求
//统一接口的功能
class Tool
{
public:
void draw(Shape* parent)
{
parent->Draw();
}
protected:
};
int main()
{
testVirtual();
printInfo(new TEACH);
Tool* pTool = new Tool;
pTool->draw(new Circle);
pTool->draw(new Rect);
pTool->draw(new Triangle);
pTool->draw(new Ellipse);
while (1);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
三、纯虚函数和ADT
- 纯虚函数也是虚函数只是纯虚函数是没有函数体的
virtual void print()=0; //在类中函数的写法
- 抽象类:具有一个纯虚函数的类,叫做抽象类
- 抽象类不能构造对象
- 抽象类可以构造对象指针
- 纯虚函数没有被重写,无论被继承多少次都是纯虚函数,虚函数无论被继承多少次都是虚函数
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//抽象类
class Parent
{
public:
virtual void print() = 0; //纯虚函数
protected:
};
void testAbstract()
{
//Parent object; 不能构建对象
Parent* parent = nullptr;
}
//纯虚函数就是做ADT(abstract data type 抽象数据类型)过程
//stack 栈
class stack
{
public:
//父类中所有的操作描述好
virtual void push(int data) = 0;
virtual void pop() = 0;
virtual int top() const = 0;
virtual bool empty() const = 0;
virtual int size() const = 0;
};
//子类想要创建对象,必须重写父类的纯虚函数
//ADT: 具有强迫性,所有子类重写函数必须和父类的一模一样
class arrayStack :public stack
{
public:
void push(int data)
{
}
void pop()
{
}
int top() const
{
return 1;
}
bool empty() const
{
return true;
}
int size() const
{
return 1;
}
//可以增加别的函数
//可以增加别的成员
protected:
int* array;
};
struct Node
{
int data;
Node* next;
};
class listStack :public stack
{
public:
void push(int data)
{
}
void pop()
{
}
int top() const
{
return 1;
}
bool empty() const
{
return true;
}
int size() const
{
return 1;
}
protected:
Node* headNode;
};
void testStack(stack* pStack)
{
pStack->push(1);
while (!pStack->empty())
{
cout << pStack->top();
pStack->pop();
}
}
class A
{
public:
virtual void print() = 0;
protected:
};
class B :public A
{
public:
void print()
{
cout << "B" << endl;
}
};
class C :public B
{
public:
void print()
{
cout << "C" << endl;
}
};
void Abtract()
{
//B b;
C c; //一般抽象类只被继承一次就重写
B* pc = new C;
pc->print();
}
int main()
{
testStack(new arrayStack);
testStack(new listStack);
Abtract();
while (1);
return 0;
}
四、虚析构函数
- 在用子类对象初始化父类指针,父类需要虚析构函数做内存释放
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class parent
{
public:
//虚析构函数,不存在虚构造函数
virtual ~parent()
{
cout << "父类析构"<<endl;
}
virtual void print(){};
protected:
};
class son :public parent
{
public:
~son()
{
cout << "子类析构" << endl;
}
void print(){}
};
int main()
{
//在用子类对象初始化父类指针,父类需要虚析构函数做内存释放
parent* p = new son;
p->print();
delete p;
while (1);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
- 关键字final 和 override
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A
{
public:
//final禁止重写
//子类不能存在同名函数
virtual void print()final
{
cout << "重写虚函数才有的" << endl;
}
virtual void printData1(){}
};
class B:public A
{
public:
//限制子类不能写个函数
//void print()
//{
//}
//强制重写,表示作用,用检查父类中是否存在当前的虚函数
//不存在就会报错
virtual void printData1()override
{
cout << "表示当前函数是重写的函数" << endl;
}
};
class C :public B
{
public:
//void print(){} 依旧不能使用
};
int main()
{
B b;
A a;
a.print();
b.print();
while (1);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
五、C++类型转换
C+类型转换,专人坐专事,传闻总C++中的更为安全。
- const_cast
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
/*
const_cast<要转换类型>(要转换目标)
1.去掉const属性(提供一个可以修改的接口去操作const属性的变量)
2.加上const属性(用的比较少)
*/
class A
{
public:
A(const char* str) :str(const_cast<char *>(str)){}
//this->str=const_cast<char*>(str);
void print()
{
cout << str << endl;
}
protected:
char* str;
};
class B
{
public :
B(int num) :num(num){}
void print()
{
cout << num << endl;
}
int num;
};
int main()
{
const int num = 11;
//去掉const属性
//1.作用普通指针
int* pNum = const_cast<int*>(&num);
*pNum = 34; //不能改变原来的值
cout << num << endl;
//2.操作类中的char*类型指针
A aobject("1234");
aobject.print();
char str[] = "6666";
A aobject2(str);
aobject2.print();
//3.操作类指针
const B* pB = new B(0);
//pB->print(); 常对象调用常成员函数
B *ppb = const_cast<B*>(pB);
ppb->print();
//4.操作常量引用
int anum;
const int& pnum = anum;
int & ppnum = const_cast<int &>(pnum);
//5.加上const属性
int a = 100;
int *pa = &a;
const int* ppa = const_cast<const int *>(pa);
while (1);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
- static_cast
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
/*
static_cast<要转换的类型>(要转换的目标
1.基本数据类型转换(类似C语言强制类型转换)
2.把空指针转换成目标类型指针
3.把任何类型的变量转换为void类型
4.用在类上面的转换(基类和派生类对象之间的转换)
4.1进行上行转换(从子到父 指针或者引用转换)安全
4.2进行下行转换(从父到子 指针或者引用转换)
注意点:是static_cast不能去掉const
*/
class Parent
{
public:
virtual void print()
{
cout << "parent"<<endl;
}
void printParent()
{
cout << "parent" << endl;
}
};
class Son :public Parent
{
public:
virtual void print()
{
cout << "son" << endl;
}
void printData()
{
cout << "son2" << endl;
}
};
int main()
{
//1.基本数据类型
char cNum = 'A';
int iNum = static_cast<int>(cNum);
cout << iNum << endl;
//2.空类型指针
double* pD = new double;
void* pVoid = static_cast<void *>(pD);
//3.const类型转换
int x = 10;
const int constNum = static_cast<const int>(x);
//4.错误用法
const int xx = 0;
//int* p = static_cast<int *>(&xx); 去掉从const 必须要用const_cast
//5.从子到父
Parent* p = new Son;
p->print();
Son *pson = new Son;
p = static_cast<Parent*>(pson);
p->print();
//6.从父到子
Parent *parent=new Parent;
//son=static_cast<Son>(patent);
Son *son=static_cast<Son*>(parent);
son->print();
son->printData();
son->printParent();
while (1);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
- dynamic_cast
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
/*
dynamic_cast<要转换类型>(要转换的东西)
1.上行转换 和static_cast一样的
2.下行转换 dynamic_cast更安全
3.交叉转换 多继承
*/
class MM
{
public:
MM(string mmName = "父类") :mmName(mmName) {}
virtual void print() { cout << mmName << endl; }
string mmName;
};
class Girl :public MM
{
public:
Girl(string gName = "子类") :gName(gName) {}
virtual void print() { cout << gName << endl; }
//void printData() { cout << gName << endl; }
string gName;
};
class A
{
public:
virtual void print()
{
cout << "A" << endl;
}
};
class B
{
public:
virtual void print()
{
cout << "B" << endl;
}
};
class C :public A, public B
{
public:
void print()
{
cout << "C";
}
};
int main()
{
MM* pM = new MM;
Girl* pG = new Girl;
//1.上行转换
MM* pSM = static_cast<MM*>(pG);
MM* pDM = dynamic_cast<MM*>(pG);
pSM->print();
pDM->print();
//2.下行转换
Girl* pSG = static_cast<Girl*>(pM); //不存在virtual 不会报错
//dynamic_cast检查父类中是否存在virutal
//不存在 类型转换直接错误
Girl* pDG = dynamic_cast<Girl*>(pM);
pSG->print(); //不存在virtual 会中断
//下行转换,调用子类中父类没有函数会报错
//pSG->printData();
if (pDG != nullptr)
{
pDG->print();
}
//3.交叉转换
A* a = new C;
B* b = dynamic_cast<B*>(a);
b->print();
while (1);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
- reinterpret_cast
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int Max(int a, int b)
{
return a > b ? a : b;
}
int main()
{
//将函数转换为数字
int num = reinterpret_cast<int>(Max);
cout << num << endl;
cout << Max << endl;
//将数字转换回函数
auto pMax = reinterpret_cast<int(*)(int ,int )> (num);
cout << pMax(1, 2) << endl;
while (1);
return 0;
}
运行结果: