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网上学习资料一大堆,但如果学到的知识不成体系,遇到问题时只是浅尝辄止,不再深入研究,那么很难做到真正的技术提升。
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除了刚刚我们学过的交集之外,集合还可以做其他的关系运算。
继续以引子为例,现在已知两个集合分别是学习linux班的同学和学习python班的同学
&.&=:交集——既学习linux课程也学习python课程的同学
l= {'张三','李四','老男孩'}
p = {'张三','李四','alex'}
print(l.intersection(p))
print(l&p)
|,|=:合集,也叫并集——linux班和python班的所有同学
这里同学们不可以单纯的认为python班的人数+linux班的人数就是结果,如果两班人数相加应该是6人。但学习Linux班的张三和李四还同时在python班学习,因此我们实际上总共只有四个学员。求并集除了合并效果之外还有去重功能
l= {'张三','李四','老男孩'}
p = {'张三','李四','alex'}
print(l.union(p))
print(l|p)
-,-=:差集——只在linux而不python班的同学
l= {'张三','李四','老男孩'}
p = {'张三','李四','alex'}
print(l.difference(p))
print(l-p)
,=:对称差集——只在linux班或只在python班的同学
a = {1,2,3}
b = {2,3,4,5}
print(a.symmetric_difference(b))
print(a^b)
包含关系
in,not in:判断某元素是否在集合内
==,!=:判断两个集合是否相等
两个集合之间一般有三种关系,相交、包含、不相交。在Python中分别用下面的方法判断:
- set.isdisjoint(s):判断两个集合是不是不相交
- set.issuperset(s):判断集合是不是包含其他集合,等同于a>=b
- set.issubset(s):判断集合是不是被其他集合包含,等同于a<=b
集合的常用操作
元素的增加
单个元素的增加 : add(),add的作用类似列表中的append
对序列的增加 : update(),而update类似extend方法,update方法可以支持同时传入多个参数:
>>> a={1,2}
>>> a.update([3,4],[1,2,7])
>>> a
{1, 2, 3, 4, 7}
>>> a.update("hello")
>>> a
{1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 'h', 'e', 'l', 'o'}
>>> a.add("hello")
>>> a
{1, 2, 3, 4, 'hello', 7, 'h', 'e', 'l', 'o'}
元素的删除
集合删除单个元素有两种方法:
元素不在原集合中时:
set.discard(x)不会抛出异常
set.remove(x)会抛出KeyError错误
>>> a={1,2,3,4}
>>> a.discard(1)
>>> a
{2, 3, 4}
>>> a.discard(1)
>>> a
{2, 3, 4}
>>> a.remove(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 1
pop():由于集合是无序的,pop返回的结果不能确定,且当集合为空时调用pop会抛出KeyError错误,
clear():清空集合
>>> a={3,"a",2.1,1}
>>> a.pop()
>>> a.pop()
>>> a.clear()
>>> a
set()
>>> a.pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 'pop from an empty set'
集合的工厂函数
class set(object):
"""
set() -> new empty set object
set(iterable) -> new set object
Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
"""
def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Add an element to a set.
This has no effect if the element is already present.
"""
pass
def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Remove all elements from this set. """
pass
def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return a shallow copy of a set. """
pass
def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
相当于s1-s2
Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.
(i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
"""
pass
def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Remove all elements of another set from this set. """
pass
def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
与remove功能相同,删除元素不存在时不会抛出异常
Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
If the element is not a member, do nothing.
"""
pass
def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
相当于s1&s2
Return the intersection of two sets as a new set.
(i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
"""
pass
def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. """
pass
def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """
pass
def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
相当于s1<=s2
Report whether another set contains this set. """
pass
def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
相当于s1>=s2
Report whether this set contains another set. """
pass
def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
Raises KeyError if the set is empty.
"""
pass
def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError.
"""
pass
def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
相当于s1^s2
Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.
(i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
"""
pass
def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. """
pass
def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
相当于s1|s2
Return the union of sets as a new set.
(i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
"""
pass
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**网上学习资料一大堆,但如果学到的知识不成体系,遇到问题时只是浅尝辄止,不再深入研究,那么很难做到真正的技术提升。**
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**一个人可以走的很快,但一群人才能走的更远!不论你是正从事IT行业的老鸟或是对IT行业感兴趣的新人,都欢迎加入我们的的圈子(技术交流、学习资源、职场吐槽、大厂内推、面试辅导),让我们一起学习成长!**