MySQL-----表的内连和外连

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前言

表的连接分为内连和外连.

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提示：以下是本篇文章正文内容，下面案例可供参考

一、内连接

内连接实际上就是利用where子句对两种表形成的笛卡尔积进行筛选,前面的查询都是内连接,也是在开发过程中使用的最多的连接查询.

语法:

select 字段 from 表1 inner join 表2 on 连接条件 and 其他条件；

备注:前面学习的都是内连接.

案例:显示SMITH的名字和部门名称

-- 用前面的写法
mysql> select emp.ename,dept.dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno and emp.ename='SMITH';
+-------+----------+
| ename | dname    |
+-------+----------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
+-------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

-- 用标准的内连接写法
mysql> select emp.ename,dept.dname from emp inner join dept on emp.deptno=dept.deptno and emp.ename='SMITH';
+-------+----------+
| ename | dname    |
+-------+----------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
+-------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

二、外连接

外连接分为左外连接和右外连接.

1. 左外连接

如果联合查询,左侧的表完全显示我们就说是左外连接.
语法:

select 字段名 from 表名1 left join 表名2 on 连接条件

案例:

-- 建两张表
create table stu (id int, name varchar(30)); -- 学生表
insert into stu values(1,'jack'),(2,'tom'),(3,'kity'),(4,'nono');
create table exam (id int, grade int); -- 成绩表
insert into exam values(1, 56),(2,76),(11, 8);

mysql> select * from stu;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | jack |
|    2 | tom  |
|    3 | kity |
|    4 | nono |
+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from exam;
+------+-------+
| id   | grade |
+------+-------+
|    1 |    56 |
|    2 |    76 |
|   11 |     8 |
+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 查询所有学生的成绩，如果这个学生没有成绩，也要将学生的个人信息显示出来

-- 当左边表和右边表没有匹配时，也会显示左边表的数据
mysql> select * from stu left join exam on stu.id=exam.id;
+------+------+------+-------+
| id   | name | id   | grade |
+------+------+------+-------+
|    1 | jack |    1 |    56 |
|    2 | tom  |    2 |    76 |
|    3 | kity | NULL |  NULL |
|    4 | nono | NULL |  NULL |
+------+------+------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2. 右外连接

如果联合查询，右侧的表完全显示我们就说是右外连接。
语法：

select 字段 from 表名1 right join 表名2 on 连接条件

案例:

• 对stu表和exam表联合查询，把所有的成绩都显示出来，即使这个成绩没有学生与它对应，也要
  显示出来

mysql> select * from stu right join exam on stu.id=exam.id;
+------+------+------+-------+
| id   | name | id   | grade |
+------+------+------+-------+
|    1 | jack |    1 |    56 |
|    2 | tom  |    2 |    76 |
| NULL | NULL |   11 |     8 |
+------+------+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

练习：

• 列出部门名称和这些部门的员工信息，同时列出没有员工的部门

方法一：
mysql> select * from dept left join emp on emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+--------+------------+----------+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| deptno | dname      | loc      | empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno |
+--------+------------+----------+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
|     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   | 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  | 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
|     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  | 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
|     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   | 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  | 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
|     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  | 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
|     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK | 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
|     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   | 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK | 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
|     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  | 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
|     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   | 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  | 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
|     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   | 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK | 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
|     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |   NULL | NULL   | NULL      | NULL | NULL                |    NULL |    NULL |   NULL |
+--------+------------+----------+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)

方法二：
mysql> select * from emp right join dept on emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno | deptno | dname      | loc      |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
|   NULL | NULL   | NULL      | NULL | NULL                |    NULL |    NULL |   NULL |     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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总结

(本章完!!!)