Flink笔记

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本文详细介绍了ApacheFlink，一个支持批处理和流数据处理的开源框架，涉及实时数据处理、数据分析、数据管道、核心概念如时间窗口、时间语义以及性能优化等内容。同时提供了实践应用和常见问题解答，是Flink技术入门和进阶的指南。

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1. 简介

Apache Flink 是一个开源的分布式计算框架，用于处理批处理和流数据。Flink 的典型应用场景包括：

实时数据处理：Flink 可以用于实时处理各种数据，例如来自传感器、日志、社交媒体等。
数据分析：Flink 可以用于对大规模数据进行分析，例如进行机器学习、统计分析等。
数据管道：Flink 可以用于构建数据管道，将数据从一个系统传输到另一个系统。

2. 基本概念

介绍 Flink 的核心概念，例如 DataStream、DataSet、Transformation、Window 等。

2.1 架构

2.1.1 The Client

The Client is not part of the runtime and program execution, but is used to prepare and send a dataflow to the JobManager. After that, the client can disconnect (detached mode), or stay connected to receive progress reports (attached mode). The client runs either as part of the Java/Scala program that triggers the execution, or in the command line process ./bin/flink run ....

2.1.2 The JobManager and TaskManagers

The JobManager and TaskManagers can be started in various ways: directly on the machines as a standalone cluster, in containers, or managed by resource frameworks like YARN. TaskManagers connect to JobManagers, announcing themselves as available, and are assigned work.

2.1.2.1 JobManager

The JobManager has a number of responsibilities related to coordinating the distributed execution of Flink Applications: it decides when to schedule the next task (or set of tasks), reacts to finished tasks or execution failures, coordinates checkpoints, and coordinates recovery on failures, among others. This process consists of three different components:

ResourceManager: The ResourceManager is responsible for resource de-/allocation and provisioning in a Flink cluster — it manages task slots, which are the unit of resource scheduling in a Flink cluster (see TaskManagers). Flink implements multiple ResourceManagers for different environments and resource providers such as YARN, Kubernetes and standalone deployments. In a standalone setup, the ResourceManager can only distribute the slots of available TaskManagers and cannot start new TaskManagers on its own.
Dispatcher: The Dispatcher provides a REST interface to submit Flink applications for execution and starts a new JobMaster for each submitted job. It also runs the Flink WebUI to provide information about job executions.
JobMaster: A JobMaster is responsible for managing the execution of a single JobGraph. Multiple jobs can run simultaneously in a Flink cluster, each having its own JobMaster.

There is always at least one JobManager. A high-availability setup might have multiple JobManagers, one of which is always the leader, and the others are standby (see High Availability (HA)).

2.1.2.2 TaskManagers

The TaskManagers (also called workers) execute the tasks of a dataflow, and buffer and exchange the data streams. There must always be at least one TaskManager. The smallest unit of resource scheduling in a TaskManager is a task slot. The number of task slots in a TaskManager indicates the number of concurrent processing tasks. Note that multiple operators may execute in a task slot (see Tasks and Operator Chains).

2.2 时间窗口的类型

Windows | Apache Flink

2.2.1 滚动窗口（Tumbling Windows）

A tumbling windows assigner assigns each element to a window of a specified window size. Tumbling windows have a fixed size and do not overlap. For example, if you specify a tumbling window with a size of 5 minutes, the current window will be evaluated and a new window will be started every five minutes as illustrated by the following figure.

2.2.2 滑动窗口（Sliding Windows）

The sliding windows assigner assigns elements to windows of fixed length. Similar to a tumbling windows assigner, the size of the windows is configured by the window size parameter. An additional window slide parameter controls how frequently a sliding window is started. Hence, sliding windows can be overlapping if the slide is smaller than the window size. In this case elements are assigned to multiple windows.

For example, you could have windows of size 10 minutes that slides by 5 minutes. With this you get every 5 minutes a window that contains the events that arrived during the last 10 minutes as depicted by the following figure.

2.2.3 会话窗口（Session Windows）

The session windows assigner groups elements by sessions of activity. Session windows do not overlap and do not have a fixed start and end time, in contrast to tumbling windows and sliding windows. Instead a session window closes when it does not receive elements for a certain period of time, i.e., when a gap of inactivity occurred. A session window assigner can be configured with either a static session gap or with a session gap extractor function which defines how long the period of inactivity is. When this period expires, the current session closes and subsequent elements are assigned to a new session window.

2.2.4 全局窗口（Global Windows）

A global windows assigner assigns all elements with the same key to the same single global window. This windowing scheme is only useful if you also specify a custom trigger. Otherwise, no computation will be performed, as the global window does not have a natural end at which we could process the aggregated elements.