awk学习笔记

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awk学习笔记

2013-01-08 17:44 1315人阅读评论(0) 收藏举报

目录(?)[+]

Awk是什么

Awk、sed与grep，俗称Linux下的三剑客，它们之间有很多相似点，但是同样也各有各的特色，相似的地方是它们都可以匹配文本，其中sed和awk还可以用于文本编辑，而grep则不具备这个功用。sed是一种非交互式且面向字符流的编辑器（a "non-interactive" stream-oriented editor），而awk则是一门模式匹配的编程语言，因为它的主要功能是用于匹配文本并处理，同时它有一些编程语言才有的语法，例如函数、分支循环语句、变量等等，当然比起我们常见的编程语言，Awk相对比较简单。

使用Awk，我们可以做以下事情：

将文本文件视为由字段和记录组成的文本数据库；
在操作文本数据库的过程中能够使用变量；
能够使用数学运算和字符串操作
能够使用常见的编程结构，例如条件分支与循环；
能够格式化输出；
能够自定义函数；
能够在awk脚本中执行UNIX命令；
能够处理UNIX命令的输出结果；

装备以上功能，awk能够做得事情非常多。但千里之行，始于足下，我们首先从最基本的命令行语法开始，一步一步得走入awk的编程世界。

命令行语法

同sed一样，awk的命令行语法也有两种形式：

<span class="pln">awk </span><span class="pun">[-</span><span class="pln">F ERE</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">[-</span><span class="pln">v assignment</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">...</span><span class="pln"> program </span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">argument </span><span class="pun">...]</span><span class="pln">
awk </span><span class="pun">[-</span><span class="pln">F ERE</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">f progfile </span><span class="pun">...</span><span class="pln">  </span><span class="pun">[-</span><span class="pln">v assignment</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">...[</span><span class="pln">argument </span><span class="pun">...]</span>

这里的program类似sed中的script，因为我们一直强调awk是一门编程语言，所以将awk的脚本视为一段代码。而awk的脚本同样可以写到一个文件中，并通过-f参数指定，这一点和sed是一样的。program一般多个pattern和action序列组成，当读入的记录匹配pattern时，才会执行相应的action命令。这里有一点要注意，在第一种形式中，除去命令行选项外，program参数一定要位于第一个位置。

Awk的输入被解析成多个记录（Record），默认情况下，记录的分隔符是\n，因此可以认为一行就是一个记录，记录的分隔符可以通过内置变量RS更改。当记录匹配某个pattern时，才会执行后续的action命令。

而每个记录由进一步地被分隔成多个字段（Field），默认情况下字段的分隔符是空白符，例如空格、制表符等等，也可以通过-F ERE选项或者内置变量FS更改。在awk中，可以通过$1，$2...来访问对应位置的字段，同时$0存放整个记录，这一点有点类似shell下的命令行位置参数。关于这些内容，我们会在下面详细介绍，这里你只要知道有这些东西就好。

标准的awk命令行参数主要由以下三个：

-F ERE：定义字段分隔符，该选项的值可以是扩展的正则表达式（ERE）；
-f progfile：指定awk脚本，可以同时指定多个脚本，它们会按照在命令行中出现的顺序连接在一起；
-v assignment：定义awk变量，形式同awk中的变量赋值，即name=value，赋值发生在awk处理文本之前；

为了便于理解，这里举几个简单的例子。通过-F参数设置冒号:为分隔符，并打印各个字段：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ echo </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">"1:2:3"</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">F</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'{print $1 " and " $2 " and " $3}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">and</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">2</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">and</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">3</span>

在awk的脚本中访问通过-v选项设置的变量：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ echo </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">v a</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {print a}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span>

从上面可以看到，通过-v选项设置的变量在BEGIN的位置就可以访问了。BEGIN是一个特殊的pattern，它在awk处理输入之前就会执行，可以认为是一个初始化语句，与此对应的还有END。

好像还没介绍如何指定处理的文件，是不是最后的argument就是指定的文件？在看我这本书之前，我也是这样认为的，但是实际上arguemnt有两种形式，它们分别是输入文件（file）和变量赋值（assignment）。

awk可以同时指定多个输入文件，如果输入文件的文件名为'-'，表示从标准输入读取内容。

变量赋值类似-v选项，它的形式为name=value。awk中的变量名同一般的编程语言无太多区别，但是不能同awk的保留关键字重名，可以查看awk的man手册查询哪些是保留关键字。而变量值只有两种形式：字符串和数值。变量赋值必须位于脚本参数的后面，与文件名参数无先后顺序的要求，但是位于不同位置的赋值它的执行时机是不同的。

我们用实际的例子来解释这个区别，假设有两个文件：a和b，它们的内容分别如下所示：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ cat a
file a
</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ cat b
file b</span>

为了说明赋值操作发生的时机，我们在BEGIN，正常处理，END三个地方都打印变量的值。

第一种情况：变量赋值位于所有文件名参数之前

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {print "BEGIN: " var} {print "PROCESS: " var} \
END {print "END: " var }'</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">var</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln"> a
</span><span class="kwd">BEGIN</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> 
PROCESS</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">END</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span>

结果：赋值操作发生在正常处理之前，BEGIN动作之后。

第二种情况：变量赋值位于所有文件名之后：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {print "BEGIN: " var} {print "PROCESS: " var} \
END {print "END: " var }'</span><span class="pln"> a </span><span class="kwd">var</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln">  
</span><span class="kwd">BEGIN</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> 
PROCESS</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> 
</span><span class="kwd">END</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span>

结果：赋值操作发生在正常处理之后，END动作之前。

第三种情况：变量赋值位于文件名之间：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {print "BEGIN: " var} {print "PROCESS: " var} \
END {print "END: " var }'</span><span class="pln"> a </span><span class="kwd">var</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln"> b
</span><span class="kwd">BEGIN</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> 
PROCESS</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> 
PROCESS</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">END</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span>

结果：赋值操作发生在处理前面的文件之后，并且位于处理后面的文件之前；

总结如下：

如果变量赋值在第一个文件参数之前，在BEGIN动作之后执行，影响到正常处理和END动作；
如果变量赋值在最后一个文件参数之后，在END动作之前执行，仅影响END动作；
如果文件参数不存在，情况同1所述；
如果变量赋值位于多个文件参数之间，在变量赋值前面的文件被处理后执行，影响到后续文件的处理和END动作；

所以变量赋值一定要考虑清楚用途，否则比较容易出错，不过一般情况下也不会用到变量赋值。

自然地大家会将变量赋值与-v assignment选项进行比较，赋值的形式是一致的，但是-v选项的执行时机比变量赋值要早：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ echo </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">v </span><span class="kwd">var</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln">a </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {print "BEGIN: " var}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">BEGIN</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> a</span>

可见，-v选项的赋值操作在BEGIN动作之前就执行了。

变量赋值一定要小心不要与保留关键字重名，否则会报错：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ echo </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">v </span><span class="kwd">BEGIN</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {print "BEGIN: " BEGIN}'</span><span class="pln">
awk</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> fatal</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> cannot </span><span class="kwd">use</span><span class="pln"> gawk builtin </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">`BEGIN' as variable name</span>

记录（Record）与字段（Field)

对于数据库来说，一个数据库表是由多条记录组成的，每一行表示一条记录（Record）。每条记录由多列组成，每一列表示一个字段（Field)。Awk将一个文本文件视为一个文本数据库，因此它也有记录和字段的概念。默认情况下，记录的分隔符是回车，字段的分隔符是空白符，所以文本文件的每一行表示一个记录，而每一行中的内容被空白分隔成多个字段。利用字段和记录，awk就可以非常灵活地处理文件的内容。

可以通过-F选项来修改默认的字段分隔符，例如/etc/passwd的每一行都是由冒号分隔成多个字段的，所以这里就需要将分隔符设置成冒号：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">F</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'{print $1}'</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">etc</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">passwd </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> head </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">3</span><span class="pln">
root
bin
daemon</span>

这里通过$1引用第一人字段，类似地$2表示第二个字段，$3表示第三个字段.... $0则表示整个记录。内置变量NF记录着字段的个数，所以$NF表示最后一个字段：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">F</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'{print $NF}'</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">etc</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">passwd </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> head </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">3</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">bash
</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="kwd">false</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="kwd">false</span>

当然，$(NF-1)表示倒数第二个。

内置变量FS也可以用于更改字段分隔符，它记录着当前的字段分隔符：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">F</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'{print FS}'</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">etc</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">passwd </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> head </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">v FS</span><span class="pun">=:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'{print $1}'</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">etc</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">passwd </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> head </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln">
root</span>

记录的分隔符可以通过内置变量RS更改：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">v RS</span><span class="pun">=:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'{print $0}'</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">etc</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">passwd </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> head </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln">
root</span>

如果将RS设置成空，行为有就一点怪异了，它会将连续不为空行的所有行（一个段落）当作一个记录，而且强制回车为字段分隔符：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ cat awk_man</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">txt 

</span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">The</span><span class="pln"> awk utility shall execute programs written </span><span class="kwd">in</span><span class="pln"> the awk programming language</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln">
which </span><span class="kwd">is</span><span class="pln"> specialized </span><span class="kwd">for</span><span class="pln"> textual data manipulation</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">An</span><span class="pln"> awk program </span><span class="kwd">is</span><span class="pln"> a sequence
of patterns </span><span class="kwd">and</span><span class="pln"> corresponding actions</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">  </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">When</span><span class="pln">  input  </span><span class="kwd">is</span><span class="pln">  read  that matches a
pattern</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> the action associated </span><span class="kwd">with</span><span class="pln"> that pattern </span><span class="kwd">is</span><span class="pln"> carried </span><span class="kwd">out</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">

</span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Input</span><span class="pln"> shall be interpreted </span><span class="kwd">as</span><span class="pln"> a sequence of records</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">By</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">default</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> a record </span><span class="kwd">is</span><span class="pln"> a line</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln">
less its terminating </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);"><newline></span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> but </span><span class="kwd">this</span><span class="pln"> can be changed </span><span class="kwd">by</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">using</span><span class="pln"> the RS built</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">in</span><span class="pln">
variable</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Each</span><span class="pln"> record of input shall be matched </span><span class="kwd">in</span><span class="pln"> turn against each pattern </span><span class="kwd">in</span><span class="pln"> the
program</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">For</span><span class="pln"> each pattern matched</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> the associated action shall be executed</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">

</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {RS="";FS=":"} {print "First line: " $1}'</span><span class="pln"> awk_man</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">txt 
</span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">First</span><span class="pln"> line</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">The</span><span class="pln"> awk utility shall execute programs written </span><span class="kwd">in</span><span class="pln"> the awk programming language</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">First</span><span class="pln"> line</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Input</span><span class="pln"> shall be interpreted </span><span class="kwd">as</span><span class="pln"> a sequence of records</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">By</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">default</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> a record </span><span class="kwd">is</span><span class="pln"> a line</span><span class="pun">,</span>

这里，我们将变量赋值放到BEGIN动作中执行，因为BEGIN动作是在文件处理之前执行的，专门用于放初始化的语句。FS的赋值在这里是无效的，awk依然使用回车符来分隔字段。

脚本（Script）组成

命令行中的program部分，可以称为awk代码,也可以称为awk脚本。一段awk脚本是由多个'pattern { action }'序列组成的。action是一个或者多个语句，它在输入行匹配pattern的时候被执行。如果pattern为空，表明这个action会在每一行处理时都会被执行。下面的例子简单地打印文件的每一行，这里不带任何参数的print语句打印的是整个记录，类似'print $0'：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ echo </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">e </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'line1\nline2'</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'{print}'</span><span class="pln"> 
line1
line2</span>

除了pattern { action }，还可以在脚本中定义自定义的函数，函数定义格式如下所示：

<span class="kwd">function</span><span class="pln"> name</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">parameter list</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln"> statements </span><span class="pun">}</span>

函数的参数列表用逗号分隔，参数默认是局部变量，无法在函数之外访问，而在函数中定义的变量为全局变量，可以在函数之外访问，如：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ echo line1 </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'
function t(a) {
    b=a;
    print a;
} 

{
    print b;
    t("kodango.me"); 
    print b;
}'</span><span class="pln">

kodango</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">me
kodango</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">me</span>

Awk脚本中的语句使用空行或者分号分隔，使用分号可以放在同一行，不过有时候会影响可读性，尤其是分支或循环结构中，很容易出错。

如果Awk中的一个语句太长，要分成多行，可以在行为使用反斜杠'\'：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ cat test</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">awk 

</span><span class="kwd">function</span><span class="pln"> t</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">a</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln">
    b</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln">a
    </span><span class="kwd">print</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">"This is a very long line, so use backslash to escape the newline \
then we will print the variable a: a="</span><span class="pln"> a
</span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln"> 

</span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">print</span><span class="pln"> b</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> t</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">"kodango.me"</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">print</span><span class="pln"> b</span><span class="pun">;}</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ echo </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">f test</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">awk 

</span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">This</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">is</span><span class="pln"> a very </span><span class="kwd">long</span><span class="pln"> line</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> so </span><span class="kwd">use</span><span class="pln"> backslash to escape the newline </span><span class="kwd">then</span><span class="pln"> we will </span><span class="kwd">print</span><span class="pln"> the variable a</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> a</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln">kodango</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">me
kodango</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">me</span>

这里我们将脚本写到文件中，并通过-f参数来指定。但是，在一些特殊符号之后，是可以直接换行的，例如", { && ||"。

模式（Pattern）

模式是awk中比较重要的一部分，它有以下几种情况：

/regular expression/：扩展的正则表达式（Extended Regular Expression），关于ERE可以参考这篇文章；
relational expression：关系表达式，例如大于、小于、等于，关系表达式结果为true表示匹配；
BEGIN：特殊的模式，在第一个记录处理之前被执行，常用于初始化语句的执行；
END：特殊的模式，在最后一个记录处理之前被执行，常用于输出汇总信息；
pattern, pattern：模式对，匹配两者之间的所有记录，类似sed的地址对；

例如查找匹配数字3的行：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ seq </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">20</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'/3/ {print}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">3</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">13</span>

相反地，可以在在正则表达式之前加上'!'表示不匹配：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ seq </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">5</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'!/3/ {print}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">2</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">4</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">5</span>

除了BEGIN和END这两个特殊的模式外，其余的模式都可以使用'&&'或者'||'运算符组合，前者表示逻辑与，后者表示逻辑或：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ seq </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">50</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'/3/ && /1/ {print}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">13</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">31</span>

前面的正则都是整行匹配，有时候仅仅需要匹配某个字符，这样我们可以用表达式$n ~ /ere/：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'$1 ~ /ko/ {print}'</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">etc</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">passwd
kodango</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">x</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1000</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1000</span><span class="pun">::</span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">/home/</span><span class="pln">kodango</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">/bin/</span><span class="pln">bash</span>

有时候我们只想显示特定和行，例如显示第一行：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ seq </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">5</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'NR==1 {print}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span>

正则表达式（Regular Expression）

和sed篇一样，这里我不会详细介绍正则表达式。因为正则表达式的内容介绍起来太麻烦，还是推荐同学阅读现有的文章（如Linux/Unix工具与正则表达式的POSIX规范），里面对各个流派的正则表达式归纳地很清楚了。

表达式（Expressions）

表达式可以由常量、变量、运算符和函数组成，常数和变量的值可以为字符串和数值。

Awk中的变量有三种类型：用户定义的变量，内置变量和字段变量。其中，内置变量名都是大写的。

变量并不非一定要被声明或者被初始化，一个变量默认的值是空字符串，只是在某些上下文上会隐式的自动转换成数字0（例如数学运算），记住awk中的变量是无类型的，不存在字符串变量还是数字变量的区别，只是有时候为了解说方便，才会这么说。(感谢网友@紫云妃的提醒)

字段变量可以用$n来引用，n的取值范围为[0,NF]。n可以为一个变量，例如$NF代码最后一个字段，而$(NF-1)表示倒数第二个字段。

数组

数组是一种特殊的变量，awk中的数组都是关联数组，它的下标都是字符串值（man手册中的原话是：All arrays in AWK are associative, i.e. indexed by string values），即使你使用的下标是一个数字，awk也会将下标隐式转换成字符串。所以容易给人一个误解，数组的下标可以是数字或者字符串。

数组的赋值很简单，下面将value赋值给数组下标为index的元素：

<span class="pln">array</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">index</span><span class="pun">]=</span><span class="pln">value</span>

可以用for..in..语法遍历数组元素，其中item是数组元素对应的下标：

<span class="kwd">for</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">item </span><span class="kwd">in</span><span class="pln"> array</span><span class="pun">)</span>

当然也可以在if分支判断中使用in操作符：

<span class="kwd">if</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">item </span><span class="kwd">in</span><span class="pln"> array</span><span class="pun">)</span>

一个完整的例子如下所示：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ echo </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">"1 2 3"</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'{
for (i=0;i<NF;i++)
  a[i]=i;
}

END {
print 3 in a
for (i in a)
   printf "%s: %s\n", i, a[i];
}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">0</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">0</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">0</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">2</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">2</span>

内置变量

Awk在内部维护了许多内置变量，或者称为系统变量，例如之前提到的FS、RS等等。常见的内置变量如下表所示

变量名	描述
ARGC	命令行参数的各个，即ARGV数组的长度
ARGV	存放命令行参数
CONVFMT	定义awk内部数值转换成字符串的格式，默认值为"%.6g"
OFMT	定义输出时数值转换成字符串的格式，默认值为"%.6g"
ENVIRON	存放系统环境变量的关联数组
FILENAME	当前被处理的文件名
NR	记录的总个数
FNR	当前文件中的记录的总个数
FS	字段分隔符，默认为空白
NF	每个记录中字段的个数
RS	记录的分隔符，默认为回车
OFS	输出时字段的分隔符，默认为空白
ORS	输出时记录的分隔符，默认为回车
RLENGTH	被match函数匹配的子串长度
RSTART	被match函数匹配的子串位于目标字符串的起始下标

下面主要介绍几个比较难理解的内置变量：

1. ARGV与ARGC

ARGV与ARGC的意思比较好理解，就像C语言main(int argc, char **argv)。ARGV数组的下标从0开始到ARGC-1，它存放的是命令行参数，并且排除命令行选项（例如-v/-f）以及program部分。因此事实上ARGV只是存储argument的部分，即文件名（file）以及命令行变量赋值两部分的内容。

通过下面的例子可以大概了解ARGC与ARGV的用法：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$  awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {
>     for (i = 0; i < ARGC; i++)
>         print ARGV[i]
>  }'</span><span class="pln"> inventory</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">shipped BBS</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">list
awk
inventory</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">shipped
BBS</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">list</span>

ARGV的用法不仅限于此，它是可以修改的，可以更改数组元素的值，可以增加数组元素或者删除数组元素。

a. 更改ARGV元素的值

假设我们有a, b两个文件，它们各有一行内容：file a和file b。现在利用ARGV，我们可以做到偷梁换柱：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN{ARGV[1]="b"} {print}'</span><span class="pln"> a
file b</span>

这里要注意ARGV[1]="b"的引号不能缺少，否则ARGV[1]=b会将变量b的值赋值给ARGV[1]。

当awk处理完一个文件之后，它会从ARGV的下一个元素获取参数，如果是一个文件则继续处理，如果是一个变量赋值则执行赋值操作：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN{ARGV[1]="var=1"} {print var}'</span><span class="pln"> a b
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span>

为什么这里只打印一次变量值呢？可以回头再看看上一篇中介绍变量赋值的内容。

而当下一个元素为空时，则跳过不处理，这样可以避开处理某个文件：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN{ARGV[1]=""} {print}'</span><span class="pln"> a b
file b</span>

上面的例子中a这个文件就被跳过了。

而当下一个元素的值为"-"时，表明从标准输入读取内容：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN{ARGV[1]="-"} {print}'</span><span class="pln"> a b
a
a    </span><span class="com" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 136);"># --> 这里按下CTRL+D停止输入</span><span class="pln">
file b</span>

b. 删除ARGV元素

删除ARGV元素和将元素的值赋值为空的效果是一样的，它们都会跳转对某个参数的处理：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN{delete ARGV[1]} {print}'</span><span class="pln"> a b
file b</span>

删除数组元素可以用delete语句。

c. 增加ARGV元素

我第一次看到ARGV变量的时候就在想，能不能利用ARGV变量避免提供命令行参数，就像这样:

<span class="pln">awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN{ARGV[1]="a";} {print}'</span>

但是事实上这样不行，awk会依然从标准输入中获取内容。下面的方法倒是可以，首先增加ARGC的值，再增加ARGV元素，我到现在也没搞懂这两者的区别：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN{ARGC+=1;ARGV[1]="a"} {print}'</span><span class="pln">
file a</span>

2. CONVFMT与OFMT

Awk中允许数值到字符串相互转换，其中内置变量CONVFMT定义了awk内部数值到字符串转换的格式，它的默认值为"%.6g"：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {
    printf "CONVFMT=%s, num=%f, str=%s\n", CONVFMT, 12.11, 12.11
}'</span><span class="pln">   
CONVFMT</span><span class="pun">=%.</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">6g</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> num</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">12.110000</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> str</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">12.11</span>

通过更改CONVFMT，我们可以定义自己的转换格式：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN { 
    CONVFMT="%d";
    printf "CONVFMT=%s, num=%f, str=%s\n", CONVFMT, 12.11, 12.11 
}'</span><span class="pln">  
CONVFMT</span><span class="pun">=%</span><span class="pln">d</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> num</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">12.110000</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> str</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">12</span>

与此对应地还有一个内置变量OFMT，它与CONVFMT的作用是类似的，只不过是影响输出的时候数字转换成字符串的格式：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN { OFMT="%d";print 12.11 }'</span><span class="pln">  
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">12</span>

3. ENVIRON

ENVIRON是一个存放系统环境变量的关联数组，它的下标是环境变量名称，值是相应环境变量的值。例如：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN { print ENVIRON["USER"] }'</span><span class="pln">  
kodango</span>

利用环境变量也可以将值传递给awk：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ U</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln">hello awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN { print ENVIRON["U"] }'</span><span class="pln">  
hello</span>

可以利用for..in循环遍历ENVIRON数组：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN { 
for (env in ENVIRON) 
    printf "%s=%s\n", env, ENVIRON[env]; 
}'</span>

4. RLENGTH与RSTART

RLENGTH与RSTART都是与match函数相关的，前者表示匹配的子串长度，后者表示匹配的子串位于目标字符串的起始下标。例如：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {match("hello,world", /llo/); print RSTART,RLENGTH}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">3</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">3</span>

关于match函数，我们会在以后介绍。

运算符

表达式中必然少不了运算符，awk支持的运算符可以参见man手册中的“Expressions in awk”一小节内容：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ man awk </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> grep </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">"^ *Table: Expressions in"</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">A </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">42</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> sed </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'s/^ *//'</span><span class="pln">
                                       </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Table</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Expressions</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">in</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Decreasing</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Precedence</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">in</span><span class="pln"> awk

</span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Syntax</span><span class="pln">                </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Name</span><span class="pln">                      </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Type</span><span class="pln"> of </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Result</span><span class="pln">   </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Associativity</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln"> expr </span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">              </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Grouping</span><span class="pln">                  </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Type</span><span class="pln"> of expr     N</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">A
$expr                 </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Field</span><span class="pln"> reference           </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">String</span><span class="pln">           N</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">A
</span><span class="pun">++</span><span class="pln"> lvalue             </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Pre</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">increment             </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Numeric</span><span class="pln">          N</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">A
</span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln"> lvalue             </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Pre</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">decrement             </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Numeric</span><span class="pln">          N</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">A
lvalue </span><span class="pun">++</span><span class="pln">             </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Post</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">increment            </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Numeric</span><span class="pln">          N</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">A
lvalue </span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">             </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Post</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">decrement            </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Numeric</span><span class="pln">          N</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">A
expr </span><span class="pun">^</span><span class="pln"> expr           </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Exponentiation</span><span class="pln">            </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Numeric</span><span class="pln">          </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Right</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">!</span><span class="pln"> expr                </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Logical</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">not</span><span class="pln">               </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Numeric</span><span class="pln">          N</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">A

</span><span class="pun">+</span><span class="pln"> expr                </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Unary</span><span class="pln"> plus                </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Numeric</span><span class="pln">          N</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">A
</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln"> expr                </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Unary</span><span class="pln"> minus               </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Numeric</span><span class="pln">          N</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">A
expr </span><span class="pun">*</span><span class="pln"> expr           </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Multiplication</span><span class="pln">            </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Numeric</span><span class="pln">          </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Left</span><span class="pln">

</span><span class="pun">...以下省略...</span>

语句（Statement）

到目前为止，用得比较多的语句就是print，其它的还有printf、delete、break、continue、exit、next等等。这些语句与函数不同的是，它们不会使用带括号的参数，并且没有返回值。不过也有意外，比如printf就可以像函数一样的调用：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ echo </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'{printf("%s\n", "abc")}'</span><span class="pln">
abc</span>

break和continue语句，大家应该比较了解，分别用于跳出循环和跳到下一个循环。

delete用于删除数组中的某个元素，这个我们在上面介绍ARGV的时候也使用过。

exit的用法顾名思义，就是退出awk的处理，然后会执行END部分的内容：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ echo $</span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'line1\nline2'</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'{print;exit} END {print "exit.."}'</span><span class="pln"> 
line1
</span><span class="kwd">exit</span><span class="pun">..</span>

next语句类似sed的n命令，它会读取下一条记录，并重新回到脚本的最开始处执行：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ echo $</span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'line1\nline2'</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'{
> print "Before next.."
> print $0 
> next
> print "After next.."
> }'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Before</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">next</span><span class="pun">..</span><span class="pln">
line1
</span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Before</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">next</span><span class="pun">..</span><span class="pln">
line2</span>

从上面可以看出next后面的print语句不会执行。

print与printf语句是使用最多的，它们将内容输出到标准输出。注意在print语句中，输出的变量之间带不带逗号是有区别的：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ echo </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">"1 2"</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'{print $1, $2}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">2</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ echo </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">"1 2"</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'{print $1 $2}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">12</span>

print输出时，字段之间的分隔符可以由OFS重新定义：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ echo </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">"1 2"</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'{OFS=";";print $1,$2}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">2</span>

除此之外，print的输出还可以重定向到某个文件中或者某个命令：

<span class="kwd">print</span><span class="pln"> items </span><span class="pun">></span><span class="pln"> output</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">file
</span><span class="kwd">print</span><span class="pln"> items </span><span class="pun">>></span><span class="pln"> output</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">file
</span><span class="kwd">print</span><span class="pln"> items </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> command</span>

假设有这一样一个文件，第一列是语句名称，第二列是对应的说明：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ cat column</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">txt 
statement</span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln">description
</span><span class="kwd">delete</span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="kwd">delete</span><span class="pln"> item </span><span class="kwd">from</span><span class="pln"> an array
</span><span class="kwd">exit</span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="kwd">exit</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">from</span><span class="pln"> the awk process
</span><span class="kwd">next</span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln">read </span><span class="kwd">next</span><span class="pln"> input record </span><span class="kwd">and</span><span class="pln"> process</span>

现在我们要将两列的内容分别输出到statement.txt和description.txt两个文件中：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">F</span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'|'</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'{
> print $1 > "statement.txt";
> print $2 > "description.txt"
> }'</span><span class="pln"> column</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">txt 
</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ cat statement</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">txt 
statement
</span><span class="kwd">delete</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">exit</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">next</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ cat description</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">txt 
description
</span><span class="kwd">delete</span><span class="pln"> item </span><span class="kwd">from</span><span class="pln"> an array
</span><span class="kwd">exit</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">from</span><span class="pln"> the awk process
read </span><span class="kwd">next</span><span class="pln"> input record </span><span class="kwd">and</span><span class="pln"> process</span>

下面是一个重定向到命令的例子，假设我们要对下面的文件进行排序：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ cat num</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">list 
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">3</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">2</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">9</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">5</span>

可以通过将print的内容重定向到"sort -n"命令：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'{print | "sort -n"}'</span><span class="pln"> num</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">list 
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">2</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">3</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">5</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">9</span>

printf命令的用法与print类似，也可以重定向到文件或者输出，只不过printf比print多了格式化字符串的功能。printf的语法也大多数语言包括bash的printf命令类似，这里就不多介绍了。

awk的函数分成数学函数、字符串函数、I/O处理函数以及用户自定义的函数，其中用户自定义的函数我们在上一篇中也有简单的介绍，下面我们一一来介绍这几类函数。

数学函数

awk中支持以下数学函数：

atan2(y,x)：反正切函数；
cos(x)：余弦函数；
sin(x)：正弦函数；
exp(x)：以自然对数e为底指数函数；
log(x)：计算以e 为底的对数值；
sqrt(x)：绝对值函数；
int(x)：将数值转换成整数；
rand()：返回0到1的一个随机数值，不包含1；
srand([expr])：设置随机种子，一般与rand函数配合使用，如果参数为空，默认使用当前时间为种子；

例如，我们使用rand()函数生成一个随机数值：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {print rand(),rand();}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">0.237788</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">0.291066</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {print rand(),rand();}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">0.237788</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">0.291066</span>

但是你会发现，每次awk执行都会生成同样的随机数，但是在一次执行过程中产生的随机数又是不同的。因为每次awk执行都使用了同样的种子，所以我们可以用srand()函数来设置种子:

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {srand();print rand(),rand();}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">0.171625</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">0.00692412</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {srand();print rand(),rand();}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">0.43269</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">0.782984</span>

这样每次生成的随机数就不一样了。

利用rand()函数我们也可以生成1到n的整数：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'
> function randint(n) { return int(n*rand()); }
> BEGIN { srand(); print randint(10);
> }'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">3</span>

字符串函数

awk中包含大多数常见的字符串操作函数。

1. `sub(ere, repl[, in])`

描述：简单地说，就是将in中匹配ere的部分替换成repl，返回值是替换的次数。如果in参数省略，默认使用$0。替换的动作会直接修改变量的值。

下面是一个简单的替换的例子：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ echo </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">"hello, world"</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'{print sub(/ello/, "i"); print}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln">
hi</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> world</span>

在repl参数中&是一个元字符，它表示匹配的内容，例如：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {var="kodango"; sub(/kodango/, "hello, &", var); print var}'</span><span class="pln">
hello</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> kodango</span>

2. `gsub(ere, repl[, in])`

描述：同sub()函数功能类似，只不过是gsub()是全局替换，即替换所有匹配的内容。

3. `index(s, t)`

描述：返回字符串t在s中出现的位置，注意这里位置是从1开始计算的，如果没有找到则返回0。

例如：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {print index("kodango", "o")}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">2</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {print index("kodango", "w")}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">0</span>

4. `length[([s])]`

描述：返回字符串的长度，如果参数s没有指定，则默认使用$0作为参数。

例如：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {print length('</span><span class="pln">kodango</span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">');}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">0</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ echo </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">"first line"</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'{print length();}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">10</span>

5. `match(s, ere)`

描述：返回字符串s匹配ere的起始位置，如果不匹配则返回0。该函数会定义RSTART和RLENGTH两个内置变量。RSTART与返回值相同，RLENGTH记录匹配子串的长度，如果不匹配则为-1。

例如：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {
print match("kodango", /dango/);
printf "Matched at: %d, Matched substr length: %d\n", RSTART, RLENGTH;
}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">3</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Matched</span><span class="pln"> at</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">3</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">Matched</span><span class="pln"> substr length</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">5</span>

6. `split(s, a[, fs])`

描述：将字符串按照分隔符fs，分隔成多个部分，并存到数组a中。注意，存放的位置是从第1个数组元素开始的。如果fs为空，则默认使用FS分隔。函数返回值分隔的个数。

例如：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {
> split("1;2;3;4;5", arr, ";")
> for (i in arr)
>     printf "arr[%d]=%d\n", i, arr[i];
> }'</span><span class="pln">
arr</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">4</span><span class="pun">]=</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">4</span><span class="pln">
arr</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">5</span><span class="pun">]=</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">5</span><span class="pln">
arr</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pun">]=</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln">
arr</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">2</span><span class="pun">]=</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">2</span><span class="pln">
arr</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">3</span><span class="pun">]=</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">3</span>

这里有一个奇怪的地方是for..in..输出的数组不是按顺序输出的，如果要按顺序输出可以用常规的for循环:

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {
> split("1;2;3;4;5", arr, ";")
> for (i=0;^C
[kodango@devops ~]$ awk '</span><span class="kwd">BEGIN</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">></span><span class="pln"> n</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln">split</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">"1;2;3;4;5"</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> arr</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">";"</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">></span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">for</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">i</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> i</span><span class="pun"><=</span><span class="pln">n</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> i</span><span class="pun">++)</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">></span><span class="pln">     printf </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">"arr[%d]=%d\n"</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> i</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> arr</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">i</span><span class="pun">];</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">></span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'
arr[1]=1
arr[2]=2
arr[3]=3
arr[4]=4
arr[5]=5</span>

7. `sprintf(fmt, expr, expr, ...)`

描述：类似printf，只不过不会将格式化后的内容输出到标准输出，而是当作返回值返回。

例如：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {
> var=sprintf("%s=%s", "name", "value")
> print var
> }'</span><span class="pln">
name</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln">value</span>

8. `substr(s, m[, n])`

描述：返回从位置m开始的，长度为n的子串，其中位置从1开始计算，如果未指定n或者n值大于剩余的字符个数，则子串一直到字符串末尾为止。

例如：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN { print substr("kodango", 2, 3); }'</span><span class="pln">
oda
</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN { print substr("kodango", 2); }'</span><span class="pln">
odango</span>

9. `tolower(s)`

描述：将字符串转换成小写字符。

例如：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {print tolower("KODANGO");}'</span><span class="pln">
kodango</span>

10. `toupper(s)`

描述：将字符串转换成大写字符。

例如

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops </span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {print tolower("kodango");}'</span><span class="pln">
KODANGO</span>

I/O处理函数

1. `getline`

getline的用法相对比较复杂，它有几种不同的形式。不过它的主要作用就是从输入中每次获取一行输入。

a. expression | getline [var]

这种形式将前面管道前命令输出的结果作为getline的输入，每次读取一行。如果后面跟有var，则将读取的内容保存到var变量中，否则会重新设置$0和NF。

例如，我们将上面的statement.txt文件的内容显示作为getline的输入：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN { while("cat statement.txt" | getline var) print var}'</span><span class="pln"> 
statement
</span><span class="kwd">delete</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">exit</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">next</span>

上面的例子中命令要用双引号，"cat statement.txt"，这一点同print/printf是一样的。

如果不加var，则直接写到$0中，注意NF值也会被更新：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN { while("cat statement.txt" | getline) print $0,NF}'</span><span class="pln"> 
statement </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">delete</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">exit</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">next</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span>

b. getline [var]

第二种形式是直接使用getline，它会从处理的文件中读取输入。同样地，如果var没有，则会设置$0，并且这时候会更新
NF, NR和FNR：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'{      
> while (getline) 
>    print NF, NR, FNR, $0;
> }'</span><span class="pln"> statement</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">txt
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">2</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">2</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">delete</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">3</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">3</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">exit</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">4</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">4</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">next</span>

c. getline [var] < expression

第三种形式从expression中重定向输入，与第一种方法类似，这里就不加赘述了。

2. `close`

close函数可以用于关闭已经打开的文件或者管道，例如getline函数的第一种形式用到管道，我们可以用close函数把这个管道关闭，close函数的参数与管道的命令一致：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {
while("cat statement.txt" | getline) {
   print $0;
   close("cat statement.txt");
}}'</span><span class="pln">
statement
statement
statement
statement
statement</span>

但是每次读了一行后，关闭管道，然后重新打开又重新读取第一行就死循环了。所以要慎用，一般情况下也很少会用到close函数。

3. `system`

这个函数很简单，就是用于执行外部命令，例如：

<span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">kodango@devops awk_temp</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">$ awk </span><span class="str" style="color: rgb(221, 17, 68);">'BEGIN {system("uname -r");}'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">3.6</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">2</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit" style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);">1</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">ARCH</span>

结束语

快速了解Awk系列的几篇文章相对比较粗糙，我是参考Awk的man手册以及《Sed & wk》附录B总结而成的，但是应该可以让大家对awk有一个大致的了解，欢迎大家一起交流。

附Peteris Krumins在他博客上发布的一份cheet sheet：awk cheat sheet (.pdf)

maxxujun

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awk学习笔记

awk学习笔记2013-01-08 17:44 1315人阅读评论(0) 收藏举报目录(?)[+]Awk是什么Awk、sed与grep，俗称Linux下的三剑客，它们之间有很多相似点，但是同样也各有各的特色，相似的地方是它们都可以匹配文本，其中sed和awk还可以用于文本编辑，而grep则不具备这个功用。sed是一种非交互式且面向字符
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