Java设计模式之单例模式（singleton模式）

1. 概念：

 

    确保在一个JVM中一个类只有一个实例对象存在，这个类自已创建实例对象，并向整个系统提供此实例。

 

2. 单例实现：

 

    （1）饿汉式单例：package com.focus; public class EagerSingleton { /** * 构造方法使用private修饰符修饰。 */ private EagerSingleton() { } public static EagerSingleton getInstance() { return mEagerSingleton; } private static EagerSingleton mEagerSingleton = new EagerSingleton(); } 

    （2）懒汉式单例：package com.focus; public class LazySingleton { /** * 构造方法使用private修饰符修饰。 */ private LazySingleton() { } public static synchronized LazySingleton getInstance() { if (mSingletonTwo == null) { mSingletonTwo = new LazySingleton(); } return mSingletonTwo; } private static LazySingleton mSingletonTwo = null; }  
    （3）登记式单例：package com.focus; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Map; public class RegSingleton { private static Map<String, RegSingleton> mRegSingletonMap = new HashMap<String, RegSingleton>(); static { RegSingleton regSingleton = new RegSingleton(); mRegSingletonMap.put(regSingleton.getClass().getName(), regSingleton); } /** * 构造方法用protected修饰符修饰。 */ protected RegSingleton() { } public static RegSingleton getInstance(String singletonThreeName) { if (singletonThreeName == null) { singletonThreeName = "RegSingleton"; } if (mRegSingletonMap.get(singletonThreeName) == null) { try { mRegSingletonMap.put(singletonThreeName, (RegSingleton) Class.forName(singletonThreeName).newInstance()); } catch (InstantiationException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (IllegalAccessException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } return mRegSingletonMap.get(singletonThreeName); } }

 

3. 使用场景：

 

    （1）系统配置文件，只需要加载一次，为各个模块提供配置信息，可以用单例实现，代码如下：package com.focus; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.IOException; import java.util.Properties; public class PropertyReader { private static final String FILE_PATH = "*.properties"; private Properties mProperties = null; private static PropertyReader mPropertyReader = new PropertyReader(); private PropertyReader() { File file = new File(FILE_PATH); if (file.exists()) { mProperties = new Properties(); try { mProperties.load(new FileInputStream(FILE_PATH)); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } public synchronized static PropertyReader getInstance() { return mPropertyReader; } public final String getProperty(String key, String defaultValue) { if (mProperties == null) { throw new IllegalStateException(); } return mProperties.getProperty(key, defaultValue); } /** * 同步更新配置。 */ public final synchronized void setProperty(String key, String value) { try { mProperties.setProperty(key, value); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } 

    （2）数据库连接池，为整个系统提供数据库连接，可以用单例实现：

 

                A. Pool类实现：package com.focus; import java.sql.Connection; import java.sql.Driver; import java.sql.DriverManager; import java.sql.SQLException; public class Pool { /** * 单例模式(Singleton模式)，构造方法为私有的。 */ private Pool() { loadDriver(mDriverName); createPool(); } /** * 装载和注册所有JDBC驱动程序。 */ private void loadDriver(String driverName) { if (driverName != null && ! "".equals(driverName)) { try { mDriver = (Driver) Class.forName(driverName).newInstance(); DriverManager.registerDriver(mDriver); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } /** * 创建连接池 */ private void createPool() { mDBConnectionPool = new DBConnectionPool(mDatabasePassword, mDatabaseURL, mDatabaseUserName, mNormalConnectNum, mMaxConnectNum); if (mDBConnectionPool != null) { System.out.println("创建连接池成功!"); } else { System.out.println("创建连接池失败!"); } } /** * 获取单例实例。 */ public static synchronized Pool getInstance() { if (mInstance == null) { mInstance = new Pool(); } return mInstance; } public Connection getConnection() { if (mDBConnectionPool != null) { return mDBConnectionPool.getConnection(); } else { return null; } } public Connection getConnection(long timeOut) { if (mDBConnectionPool != null) { return mDBConnectionPool.getConnection(timeOut); } return null; } public void releaseFreeConnection(Connection connection) { if (mDBConnectionPool != null) { mDBConnectionPool.releaseFreeConnection(connection); } } /** * 返回当前空闲连接数 */ public int getnum() { return mDBConnectionPool.getFreeConnectionNum(); } /** * 返回当前连接数 */ public int getnumActive() { return mDBConnectionPool.getCurrentConnectionNum(); } /** * 关闭所有连接，撤销驱动注册。 */ public synchronized void release() { /** * 关闭连接 */ mDBConnectionPool.release(); /** * 撤销驱动 */ try { DriverManager.deregisterDriver(mDriver); System.out.println("撤销JDBC驱动程序 " + mDriver.getClass().getName()); } catch (SQLException e) { System.out.println("无法撤销JDBC驱动程序的注册:" + mDriver.getClass().getName()); } } private static Pool mInstance = null; // 定义唯一实例 private int mMaxConnectNum = 100;// 最大连接数 private int mNormalConnectNum = 10;// 保持连接数 private String mDatabasePassword = "";// 密码 private String mDatabaseURL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/shop";// 连接URL private String mDatabaseUserName = "root";// 用户名 private String mDriverName = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";// 驱动类 private Driver mDriver = null;// 驱动变量 private DBConnectionPool mDBConnectionPool = null;// 连接池实例变量 } 

 

                B.DatabaseConnectionPool类实现：package com.focus; import java.sql.Connection; import java.sql.DriverManager; import java.sql.SQLException; import java.util.Date; import java.util.Enumeration; import java.util.Vector; public class DBConnectionPool { public DBConnectionPool(String databasePassWord, String databaseURL, String databaseUserName, int normalConnectionNum, int maxConnectionNum) { mDatabasePassWord = databasePassWord; mDatabaseURL = databaseURL; mDatabaseUserName = databaseUserName; mMaxConnectionNum = maxConnectionNum; /* 初始normalConnectionNum个连接 */ for (int i = 0; i < normalConnectionNum; i++) { Connection connection = createConnection(); if (connection != null) { mFreeConnections.addElement(connection); mFreeConnectionNum++; } } } /* 创建一个新连接 */ private Connection createConnection() { Connection connection = null; try { if (mDatabaseUserName == null) { connection = DriverManager.getConnection(mDatabaseURL); } else { connection = DriverManager.getConnection(mDatabaseURL, mDatabaseUserName, mDatabasePassWord); } } catch (SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return connection; } /* 释放不用的连接到连接池 */ public synchronized void releaseFreeConnection(Connection con) { mFreeConnections.addElement(con); mFreeConnectionNum++; mCheckedOut--; mCurrentConnectionNum--; notifyAll(); } /* 返回当前空闲连接数 */ public int getFreeConnectionNum() { return mFreeConnectionNum; } /* 返回当前连接数 */ public int getCurrentConnectionNum() { return mCurrentConnectionNum; } // 获取一个可用连接 public synchronized Connection getConnection() { Connection connection = null; if (mFreeConnections.size() > 0) { mFreeConnectionNum--; connection = (Connection) mFreeConnections.firstElement(); mFreeConnections.removeElementAt(0); try { if (connection.isClosed()) { System.out.println("从连接池删除一个无效连接!"); connection = getConnection(); } } catch (SQLException e) { System.out.println("从连接池删除一个无效连接!"); connection = getConnection(); } } else if (mMaxConnectionNum == 0 || mCheckedOut < mMaxConnectionNum) { /* 没有空闲连接且当前连接小于最大允许值, 最大值为0则不限制 */ connection = createConnection(); } if (connection != null) { /* 当前连接数加1 */ mCheckedOut++; } mCurrentConnectionNum++; return connection; } /* 获取一个连接, 并加上等待时间限制, 时间为毫秒 */ public synchronized Connection getConnection(long timeout) { long startTime = new Date().getTime(); Connection connection; while ((connection = getConnection()) == null) { try { wait(timeout); } catch (InterruptedException e) { } if ((new Date().getTime() - startTime) >= timeout) { return null; /* 超时返回 */ } } return connection; } /* 关闭所有连接 */ public synchronized void release() { Enumeration connections = mFreeConnections.elements(); while (connections.hasMoreElements()) { Connection connection = (Connection) connections.nextElement(); try { connection.close(); mFreeConnectionNum--; } catch (SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } mFreeConnections.removeAllElements(); mCurrentConnectionNum = 0; } private Vector<Connection> mFreeConnections = new Vector<Connection>(); private int mCheckedOut; private int mMaxConnectionNum; private String mDatabasePassWord; private String mDatabaseURL; private String mDatabaseUserName; private static int mFreeConnectionNum = 0;/* 空闲的连接数 */ private static int mCurrentConnectionNum = 0;/* 当前的连接数 */ } 

 

                注：一切只需要一个对象实例的程序都可以使用单例。