类方法和静态方法

class meothods 类方法

class Rectangle:
  def __init__(self, width, height):
    self.width = width
    self.height = height
 
  def calculate_area(self):
    return self.width * self.height
 
  @classmethod
  def new_square(cls, side_length):
    return cls(side_length, side_length)
 
square = Rectangle.new_square(5)
print(square.calculate_area())

25

new_square 是类方法在类上调用，而不是在类的实例上调用。他返回cls类的新

从技术上讲，参数自身和cls只是约定，他们可以被改为其他东西

静态方法类似于类方法，只是他们不接受任何附加参数 ，静态方法装饰器标记

class Pizza:
  def __init__(self, toppings):
    self.toppings = toppings
 
  @staticmethod
  def validate_topping(topping):
    if topping == "pineapple":
      raise ValueError("No pineapples!")
    else:
      return True
 
ingredients = ["cheese", "onions", "spam"]
if all(Pizza.validate_topping(i) for i in ingredients):
  pizza = Pizza(ingredients)