【转载】Groovy轻松入门——Grails实战基础篇

Groovy轻松入门——Grails实战基础篇（更新于2008.02.05）

在学习任何东西之前，最重要的是培养兴趣，Groovy世界最耀眼的技术之一－－Grails相信大家早已耳闻，我将通过Grails实战系列文章向您展现Grails的迷人风采，使您感受到Grails的魅力，以至疯狂地爱上Grails，并坠入Groovy的爱河。学Groovy，Grails与学Java一样，在实战之前需要搭建开发环境，您可以在 Groovy轻松入门－－搭建Groovy开发环境 学习到如何搭建Groovy环境，之后我会讲一下如何搭建Grails环境，然后手把手地写个Demo程序告终，我还会抽空写篇“Groovy轻松入门－－Grails实战之进阶篇”

一，搭建Grails环境
0，下载Grails( http://dist.codehaus.org/grails/grails-bin-1.0.zip，请留意朝花夕拾——Groovy & Grails中的“最新版本”提示)并解压到自己指定位置（我的位置是D:\D\MY_DEV\grails）
1，设置环境变量GRAILS_HOME（注意大写），过程与“设置环境变量GROOVY_HOME”相似
2，将%GRAILS_HOME%\bin添加到环境变量path中，过程与“将GROOVY_HOME目录下的bin追加到环境变量path中”相似
（如果只想进行Grails开发，可以不设GROOVY_HOME）

二，创建Grails Demo程序
3，打开“命令行”，选择当前目录（我的为D:\Temp\grails_apps），在黑底白字的窗口中输入“grails create-app demo”，不包括双引号“”，在您的屏幕中可以看到类似下面的输出结果：

D:\_DEV\grails_apps>grails create-app demo

Welcome to Grails 1.0 - http://grails.org/
Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0
Grails home is set to: D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0

Base Directory: D:\_DEV\grails_apps
Environment set to development
Note: No plugin scripts found
Running script D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0\scripts\CreateApp.groovy
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\src
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\src\java
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\src\groovy
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\controllers
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\services
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\domain
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\taglib
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\utils
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\views
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\views\layouts
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\i18n
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\conf
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\test
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\test\unit
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\test\integration
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\scripts
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app\js
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app\css
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app\images
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\classes
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app\META-INF
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\lib
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\conf\spring
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\conf\hibernate
[propertyfile] Creating new property file: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\application.properties
     [copy] Copying 2 files to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo
     [copy] Copying 2 files to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF
     [copy] Copying 5 files to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\tld
     [copy] Copying 87 files to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app
     [copy] Copying 17 files to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app
     [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo
     [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo
     [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo
[propertyfile] Updating property file: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\application.properties
Created Grails Application at D:\_DEV\grails_apps/demo
D:\_DEV\grails_apps>

通过“grails create-app”这个命令，Grails自动帮我们创建了开发所需的工程环境。其实您现在就已经拥有了一个可运行的Web应用程序，
然后进入demo目录(“cd demo”)，输入“grails run-app”，回车，启动这个‘五脏俱全’的程序雏形，打开浏览器，输入 http://localhost:8080/demo ，回车，看到了吧 :) 让我们继续吧，请停止这个程序(Ctrl + C)

4，在“命令行”中输入“cd demo”，回车，以进入demo目录，然后再输入“grails create-domain-class User”创建domain class即类似于pojo的pogo，它对应MVC中的Model，不过由Grails自动创建的pogo是空的，需要自己添加属性，约束（constraints）等。输出结果如下所示：

D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo>grails create-domain-class User

Welcome to Grails 1.0 - http://grails.org/
Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0
Grails home is set to: D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0

Base Directory: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo
Environment set to development
Note: No plugin scripts found
Running script D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0\scripts\CreateDomainClass.groovy
     [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\domain
Created  for User
     [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\test\integration
Created Tests for User
D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo>

5，进入D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\domain（这个目录中存放着所有的domain class），打开User.groovy，修改为如下内容：

class  User { 
    String name
    String password
    
    String toString() {
         " $name : $password "     
    }
    
     static  constraints  =  {
        name(blank:  false )    
        password(blank:  false , size:  6 .. 16 )
    }
}    

contraints这个类变量是定义一些约束的，比如name不能为空白，password不能为空白而且长度在6到16之间（包括6和16）

6，在“命令行”中输入“grails generate-all User”，为User产生所有CRUD操作需要的代码（如控制器UserController.groovy）和页面（如list.gsp），输出结果如下所示：

D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo>grails generate-all User

Welcome to Grails 1.0 - http://grails.org/
Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0
Grails home is set to: D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0

Base Directory: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo
Environment set to development
Note: No plugin scripts found
Running script D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0\scripts\GenerateAll.groovy
    [mkdir] Created dir: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\lib
    [mkdir] Created dir: C:\Documents and Settings\Daniel\.grails\1.0\projects\demo\classes
  [groovyc] Compiling 7 source files to C:\Documents and Settings\Daniel\.grails\1.0\projects\demo\classes
    [mkdir] Created dir: C:\Documents and Settings\Daniel\.grails\1.0\projects\demo\resources\grails-app\i18n
[native2ascii] Converting 10 files from D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\i18n to C:\Documents and Settings\Daniel\.grails\1.0\projects\demo\re
sources\grails-app\i18n
     [copy] Copying 1 file to C:\Documents and Settings\Daniel\.grails\1.0\projects\demo\classes
     [copy] Copying 1 file to C:\Documents and Settings\Daniel\.grails\1.0\projects\demo\resources
     [copy] Copying 1 file to C:\Documents and Settings\Daniel\.grails\1.0\projects\demo
[0] spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext Refreshing org.codehaus.groovy.grails.commons.spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext@2b2057: display name [org
.codehaus.groovy.grails.commons.spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext@2b2057]; startup date [Tue Feb 05 23:26:45 CST 2008]; root of context hierarch
y
[16] spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext Bean factory for application context [org.codehaus.groovy.grails.commons.spring.GrailsWebApplicationConte
xt@2b2057]: org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory@eebf17
Generating views for domain class User ...
Generating controller for domain class User ...
Finished generation for domain class User
D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo>

7，修改demo\grails-app\controllers\UserController.groovy的内容为：

            
class  UserController {

    def loginService  //  新增的代码
    
    def index  =  { redirect(action:list,params:params) }

     //  the delete, save and update actions only accept POST requests
    def allowedMethods  =  [delete: ' POST ' , save: ' POST ' , update: ' POST ' ]

    def list  =  {
         if ( ! params.max) params.max  =   10
        [ userList: User.list( params ) ]
    }

    def show  =  {
        def user  =  User.get( params.id )

         if ( ! user) {
            flash.message  =   " User not found with id ${params.id} "
            redirect(action:list)
        }
         else  {  return  [ user : user ] }
    }

    def delete  =  {
        def user  =  User.get( params.id )
         if (user) {
            user.delete()
            flash.message  =   " User ${params.id} deleted "
            redirect(action:list)
        }
         else  {
            flash.message  =   " User not found with id ${params.id} "
            redirect(action:list)
        }
    }

    def edit  =  {
        def user  =  User.get( params.id )

         if ( ! user) {
            flash.message  =   " User not found with id ${params.id} "
            redirect(action:list)
        }
         else  {
             return  [ user : user ]
        }
    }

    def update  =  {
        def user  =  User.get( params.id )
         if (user) {
            user.properties  =  params
             if ( ! user.hasErrors()  &&  user.save()) {
                flash.message  =   " User ${params.id} updated "
                redirect(action:show,id:user.id)
            }
             else  {
                render(view: ' edit ' ,model:[user:user])
            }
        }
         else  {
            flash.message  =   " User not found with id ${params.id} "
            redirect(action:edit,id:params.id)
        }
    }

    def create  =  {
        def user  =   new  User()
        user.properties  =  params
         return  [ ' user ' :user]
    }

    def save  =  {
        def user  =   new  User(params)
         if ( ! user.hasErrors()  &&  user.save()) {
            flash.message  =   " User ${user.id} created "
            redirect(action:show,id:user.id)
        }
         else  {
            render(view: ' create ' ,model:[user:user])
        }
    }

     //  新增的代码
    def login  =  {
         if  (request.method  ==   ' POST ' ) {
            User u  =   new  User()
            u.properties  =  params
    
             if  ( ! u.validate()) {
                render(view: ' login ' , model:[user:u])
            }
    
             if  (params.name  &&  params.password) {
    
                def user  =  loginService.check(u)
                
                 if  (user) {
                    flash.message  =   " Welcome ${user.name} "  
                    render(view:  " ok " , model: [user: user])
                }  else  {
                    flash.error  =   " Invalid ${u.name} with ${u.password} "
                    render(view:  " login " , model: [user: u])
                }    
            }  else  {
                render(view:  " login " , model: [user: u])
            }
        }
    }
}

大家或许也看到了LoginService这个类，我将在后面演示创建它，这个LoginService类封装了所有登陆相关的业务逻辑，Grails会自动将其注入到UserController中

8，在“命令行”中，输入“grails create-service Login”，创建LoginService.groovy，输出：

D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo>grails create-service Login

Welcome to Grails 1.0 - http://grails.org/
Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0
Grails home is set to: D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0

Base Directory: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo
Environment set to development
Note: No plugin scripts found
Running script D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0\scripts\CreateService.groovy
     [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\services
Created Service for Login
     [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\test\integration
Created ServiceTests for Login
D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo>

9，修改demo\grails-app\services\LoginService.groovy的内容为：

class  LoginService {

     boolean  transactional  =   true

    def check(User u) {
        def user  =  User.findWhere(name: u.name, password: u.password)
         return  user
    }

}

10，在demo\grails-app\views\user目录下创建login.gsp和ok.gsp，它们对应MVC中的View，内容分别为：
login.gsp （复制demo\grails-app\views\user\create.gsp的内容到login.gsp中，并修改）:

 

< html >
     < head >
         < meta  http-equiv ="Content-Type"  content ="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
         < meta  name ="layout"  content ="main"   />
         <!--  将Create User修改为Login  -->
         < title > Login </ title >          
     </ head >
     < body >
         < div  class ="nav" >
             < span  class ="menuButton" >< a  class ="home"  href ="${createLinkTo(dir:'')}" > Home </ a ></ span >
             < span  class ="menuButton" >< g:link  class ="list"  action ="list" > User List </ g:link ></ span >
         </ div >
         < div  class ="body" >
             <!--  将Create User修改为Login  -->
             < h1 > Login </ h1 >
             <!--  将flash.message修改为flash.error  -->
             < g:if  test ="${flash.error}" >
             <!--  将class="message"修改为class="errors", 将flash.message修改为flash.error  -->
             < div  class ="errors" > ${flash.error} </ div >
             </ g:if >
             < g:hasErrors  bean ="${user}" >
             < div  class ="errors" >
                 < g:renderErrors  bean ="${user}"  as ="list"   />
             </ div >
             </ g:hasErrors >
            
             <!--  将action="save"修改为action="login"  -->
             < g:form  action ="login"  method ="post"   >
                 < div  class ="dialog" >
                     < table >
                         < tbody >
                        
                             < tr  class ="prop" >
                                 < td  valign ="top"  class ="name" >
                                     < label  for ="name" > Name: </ label >
                                 </ td >
                                 < td  valign ="top"  class ="value ${hasErrors(bean:user,field:'name','errors')}" >
                                     < input  type ="text"  id ="name"  name ="name"  value ="${fieldValue(bean:user,field:'name')}" />
                                 </ td >
                             </ tr >  
                        
                             < tr  class ="prop" >
                                 < td  valign ="top"  class ="name" >
                                     < label  for ="password" > Password: </ label >
                                 </ td >
                                 < td  valign ="top"  class ="value ${hasErrors(bean:user,field:'password','errors')}" >
                                     < input  type ="text"  maxlength ="16"  id ="password"  name ="password"  value ="${fieldValue(bean:user,field:'password')}" />
                                 </ td >
                             </ tr >  
                        
                         </ tbody >
                     </ table >
                 </ div >
                 < div  class ="buttons" >
                     <!--  将value="Create"修改为value="Login"  -->
                     < span  class ="button" >< input  class ="save"  type ="submit"  value ="Login"   /></ span >
                 </ div >
             </ g:form >
         </ div >
     </ body >
</ html >

ok.gsp:

< g:if  test ="${flash.message}" >
     < div  class ="message" > ${flash.message} </ div >
</ g:if >

Name: ${user?.name}    < br >
Password: ${user?.password}

11，修改demo\grails-app\conf\BootStrap.groovy，初始化数据库：将一个User实例保存到数据库(grails自带hsqldb和jetty)中，内容如下：

class  BootStrap {

     def init  =  { servletContext  ->
         new  User(name:  " demo " , password:  " 123456 " ).save()
     }

     def destroy  =  {
     }
} 

12，在“命令行”中，输入“grails run-app”，运行我们的Web应用，输出如下：

D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo>grails run-app

Welcome to Grails 1.0 - http://grails.org/
Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0
Grails home is set to: D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0

Base Directory: D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo
Environment set to development
Note: No plugin scripts found
Running script D:\D\MY_DEV\grails-1.0\scripts\RunApp.groovy
  [groovyc] Compiling 4 source files to C:\Documents and Settings\Daniel\.grails\1.0\projects\demo\classes
Running Grails application..
2008-02-05 23:46:08.912::INFO:  Logging to STDERR via org.mortbay.log.StdErrLog
2008-02-05 23:46:08.066::INFO:  jetty-6.1.4
2008-02-05 23:46:08.347::INFO:  No Transaction manager found - if your webapp requires one, please configure one.
2008-02-05 23:46:09.081:/demo:INFO:  Set web app root system property: 'demo' = [D:\_DEV\grails_apps\demo\web-app\]
2008-02-05 23:46:09.081:/demo:INFO:  Initializing Log4J from [file:C:\Documents and Settings\Daniel/.grails/1.0/projects/demo/resources/log4j.pro
perties]
2008-02-05 23:46:09.113:/demo:INFO:  Initializing Spring root WebApplicationContext
[0] spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext Refreshing org.codehaus.groovy.grails.commons.spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext@5facbd: display name [org
.codehaus.groovy.grails.commons.spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext@5facbd]; startup date [Tue Feb 05 23:46:14 CST 2008]; parent: org.springframew
ork.web.context.support.XmlWebApplicationContext@1fef80a
[0] spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext Bean factory for application context [org.codehaus.groovy.grails.commons.spring.GrailsWebApplicationContex
t@5facbd]: org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory@aa4c7c
2008-02-05 23:46:21.590:/demo:INFO:  Initializing Spring FrameworkServlet 'grails'
2008-02-05 23:46:21.871::INFO:  Started SelectChannelConnector@0.0.0.0:8080
Server running. Browse to http://localhost:8080/demo

 
13，打开浏览器，输入： http://localhost:8080/demo/user/login  ，在Name处输入demo，Password处输入123456，点击‘Login’，跳转到成功页面：

Welcome demo

Name: demo
Password: 123456

如果您对Grails的工程目录不太熟悉，我这里为大家提供了一张表，详细地描述了各目录的用途：

《Grails权威指南》表3-1.Grails工程目录

目录名称	相关描述
grails-app