来至http://blog.csdn.net/tianlesoftware/article/details/5740630
一． 一些准备知识
Oracle 分归档和非归档模式。 这两者的区别就是对redo log的处理。归档模式下，当一个redo log 写满之后，就会把这个redo log里的内容写入归档文件，等写完之后，这个redo log 就可以继续使用，如果是非归档模式下，redo log 就直接覆盖了。 恢复一般都需要归档文件，这里面记录了对数据库的操作，所以生产库一般都运行在归档模式下。 关于归档模式和非归档模式的切换参考Blog：
Oracle 归档与非归档的切换
http://blog.csdn.net/tianlesoftware/archive/2009/10/19/4693470.aspx
RMAN 备份的存放位置也有2种选择，一种是直接备份到磁盘，另一种就是备份到磁带。 现在的大公司，一般都使用Symnatec Veritas NetBackup 软件来进行备份。 这款软件扩展了RMAN的功能和优点，所有用起来比较方便。 08年刚工作的时候就遇到了一个安装NetBackup的实战机会，可惜那时刚接触Oracle，连Oracle 都不了解，更不提NetBackup了， 转眼2年过去了，在也没有遇到这样的机会，不知道什么时候才能玩玩NetBackup。 遗憾啊。
使用RMAN 备份也分catalog 和nocatalog，就是是否使用恢复目录，如果不使用恢复目录，那么就是用control file作为catalog，每一次备份都要往控制文件里面写好多备份信息，控制文件里面会有越来越多的备份信息。因此，当使用rman nocatalog方式备份时，备份controlfile是非常重要的。 如果使用catalog模式，就需要句需要创建catalog目录。 当库比较多时，使用catalog也是比较方便的。 具体参考：
RMAN Catalog 和 Nocatalog 的区别
http://blog.csdn.net/tianlesoftware/archive/2010/06/02/5641763.aspx
RMAN的备份也分两种，一种是全备，另一种增量备份。 全备适用与数据库比较小的情况，如果库大的话就需要使用增量备份了，因为这样能减少备份的时间。 Window 下的备份脚本，参考Blog：
Windows下RMAN备份脚本
http://blog.csdn.net/tianlesoftware/archive/2010/01/13/5181414.aspx
关于控制文件对于RMAN的重要性，可以参考下面blog中的第四节：
RMAN 系列（一）---- RMAN 体系结构概述
http://blog.csdn.net/tianlesoftware/archive/2010/06/09/5659701.aspx
修改控制文件的保存时间，从默认的7天改成14天
SQL> show parameter control
SQL> alter system set control_file_record_keep_time=14 scope=both;
开启控制文件的自动备份，开启之后在数据库备份或者数据文件（比如添加数据文件）有修改的时候都会自动备份控制文件和spfile文件。
Configure controlfile autobackup on;
二． 全备脚本
以 nocatalog 模式为例：
Shell 脚本：
########################################################################
## hot_database_backup.sh ##
## created by Tianlesoftware ##
## 2010-7-16 ##
#########################################################################
#!/bin/sh
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Determine the user which is executing this script.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CUSER=`id |cut -d"(" -f2 | cut -d ")" -f1`
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Put output in <this file name>.out. Change as desired.
# Note: output directory requires write permission.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
RMAN_LOG_FILE=${0}.out
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# You may want to delete the output file so that backup information does
# not accumulate. If not, delete the following lines.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
if [ -f "$RMAN_LOG_FILE" ]
then
rm -f "$RMAN_LOG_FILE"
fi
# -----------------------------------------------------------------
# Initialize the log file.
# -----------------------------------------------------------------
echo >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
chmod 666 $RMAN_LOG_FILE
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Log the start of this script.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
echo Script $0 >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo ==== started on `date` ==== >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Oracle home path.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1
export ORACLE_HOME
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# the Oracle SID of the target database.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ORACLE_SID=orcl
export ORACLE_SID
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# The Oracle DBA user id (account).
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ORACLE_USER=oracle
export ORACLE_USER
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Set the Oracle Recovery Manager name.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
RMAN=$ORACLE_HOME/bin/rman
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Print out the value of the variables set by this script.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
echo >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo "RMAN: $RMAN" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo "ORACLE_SID: $ORACLE_SID" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo "ORACLE_USER: $ORACLE_USER" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo "ORACLE_HOME: $ORACLE_HOME" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Print out the value of the variables set by bphdb.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#echo >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
#echo "NB_ORA_FULL: $NB_ORA_FULL" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
#echo "NB_ORA_INCR: $NB_ORA_INCR" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
#echo "NB_ORA_CINC: $NB_ORA_CINC" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
#echo "NB_ORA_SERV: $NB_ORA_SERV" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
#echo "NB_ORA_POLICY: $NB_ORA_POLICY" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# NOTE: This script assumes that the database is properly opened. If desired,
# this would be the place to verify that.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
echo >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Call Recovery Manager to initiate the backup.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CMD_STR="
ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_HOME
export ORACLE_HOME
ORACLE_SID=$ORACLE_SID
export ORACLE_SID
$RMAN nocatalog target sys/admin msglog $RMAN_LOG_FILE append << EOF
RUN {
allocate channel c1 type disk;
allocate channel c2 type disk;
BACKUP FORMAT '/u01/backup/orcl_%U_%T' skip inaccessible filesperset 5 DATABASE TAG orcl_hot_db_bk;
sql 'alter system archive log current';
BACKUP FORMAT '/u01/backup/arch_%U_%T' skip inaccessible filesperset 5 ARCHIVELOG ALL DELETE INPUT;
backup current controlfile tag='bak_ctlfile' format='/u01/backup/ctl_file_%U_%T';
backup spfile tag='spfile' format='/u01/backup/ORCL_spfile_%U_%T';
release channel c2;
release channel c1;
}
report obsolete;
delete noprompt obsolete;
crosscheck backup;
delete noprompt expired backup;
list backup summary;
#EOF
"
# Initiate the command string
if [ "$CUSER" = "root" ]
then
echo "Root Command String: $CMD_STR" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
su - $ORACLE_USER -c "$CMD_STR" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
RSTAT=$?
else
echo "User Command String: $CMD_STR" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
/bin/sh -c "$CMD_STR" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
RSTAT=$?
fi
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Log the completion of this script.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
if [ "$RSTAT" = "0" ]
then
LOGMSG="ended successfully"
else
LOGMSG="ended in error"
fi
echo >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo Script $0 >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo ==== $LOGMSG on `date` ==== >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
/bin/mailx -s "RMAN Backup SID " daimm@sf-express.com < $RMAN_LOG_FILE
exit $RSTAT
三． 增量备份
以catalog模式为例：
在存放catalog的实例上创建catalog 目录：
1.创建Catalog所需要的表空间
SQL>create tablespace catalog_ts datafile 'D:/APP/ADMINISTRATOR/ORADATA/ORCL/catalog_ts1.dbf' size 20M;
2.创建RMAN用户并授权
SQL>create user catalog identified by catalog default tablespace catalog_ts;
SQL>grant recovery_catalog_owner to catalog;
查看角色所拥有的权限:
select * from dba_sys_privs where grantee='RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER';
3.创建恢复目录
[oracle@db1 scripts]$ rman target / catalog catalog/catalog@catalog1;
Recovery Manager: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Thu Jul 15 12:03:16 2010
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
connected to target database: ORCL (DBID=1248423599)
connected to recovery catalog database
RMAN> create catalog tablespace catalog_ts;
recovery catalog created
如果此处报错：
ORACLE error from recovery catalog database: ORA-00955: name is already used by an existing object
可以用命令删除catalog，在创建：
RMAN> drop catalog;
recovery catalog owner is CATALOG
enter DROP CATALOG command again to confirm catalog removal
RMAN> drop catalog
recovery catalog dropped
RMAN> register database;
database registered in recovery catalog
starting full resync of recovery catalog
full resync complete
RMAN>
差异备份有3个级别：
0级：相当于全备，不同的是0级可用于增量备份，全备不行。
1级：备份自上次0级备份以来的数据
2级：备份自上次备份依赖的数据
脚本的增量备份策略： 周日0级备份，周四1级备份，其他2级备份
Shell 脚本：
########################################################################
## incremental_hot_database_backup.sh ##
## created by Tianlesoftware ##
## 2010-7-16 ##
#########################################################################
#!/bin/ksh
export LANG=en_US
BACKUP_DATE=`date +%d`
RMAN_LOG_FILE=${0}.out
TODAY=`date`
USER=`id|cut -d "(" -f2|cut -d ")" -f1`
echo "-----------------$TODAY-------------------">$RMAN_LOG_FILE
ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1
export ORACLE_HOME
RMAN=$ORACLE_HOME/bin/rman
export RMAN
ORACLE_SID=orcl
export ORACLE_SID
ORACLE_USER=oracle
export ORACLE_USER
echo "ORACLE_SID: $ORACLE_SID">>$RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo "ORACLE_HOME:$ORACLE_HOME">>$RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo "ORACLE_USER:$ORACLE_USER">>$RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo "==========================================">>$RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo "BACKUP DATABASE BEGIN......">>$RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo " ">>$RMAN_LOG_FILE
chmod 666 $RMAN_LOG_FILE
WEEK_DAILY=`date +%a`
case "$WEEK_DAILY" in
"Mon")
BAK_LEVEL=2
;;
"Tue")
BAK_LEVEL=2
;;
"Wed")
BAK_LEVEL=2
;;
"Thu")
BAK_LEVEL=1
;;
"Fri")
BAK_LEVEL=2
;;
"Sat")
BAK_LEVEL=2
;;
"Sun")
BAK_LEVEL=0
;;
"*")
BAK_LEVEL=error
esac
export BAK_LEVEL=$BAK_LEVEL
echo "Today is : $WEEK_DAILY incremental level= $BAK_LEVEL">>$RMAN_LOG_FILE
RUN_STR="
BAK_LEVEL=$BAK_LEVEL
export BAK_LEVEL
ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_HOME
export ORACLE_HOME
ORACLE_SID=$ORACLE_SID
export ORACLE_SID
$RMAN TARGET sys/admin CATALOG catalog/catalog@catalog1 msglog $RMAN_LOG_FILE append <<EOF
run
{
allocate channel c1 type disk;
allocate channel c2 type disk;
backup incremental level= $BAK_LEVEL skip inaccessible filesperset 5 Database format='/u01/backup/orcl_lev"$BAK_LEVEL"_%U_%T' tag='orcl_lev"$BAK_LEVEL"' ;
sql 'alter system archive log current';
backup archivelog all tag='arc_bak' format='/u01/backup/arch_%U_%T' skip inaccessible filesperset 5 not backed up 1 times delete input;
backup current controlfile tag='bak_ctlfile' format='/u01/backup/ctl_file_%U_%T';
backup spfile tag='spfile' format='/u01/backup/ORCL_spfile_%U_%T';
release channel c2;
release channel c1;
}
report obsolete;
delete noprompt obsolete;
crosscheck backup;
delete noprompt expired backup;
list backup summary;
resync catalog;
EOF
"
# Initiate the command string
if [ "$CUSER" = "root" ]
then
echo "Root Command String: $RUN_STR" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
su - $ORACLE_USER -c "$RUN_STR" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
RSTAT=$?
else
echo "User Command String: $RUN_STR" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
/bin/sh -c "$RUN_STR" >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
RSTAT=$?
fi
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Log the completion of this script.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
if [ "$RSTAT" = "0" ]
then
LOGMSG="ended successfully"
else
LOGMSG="ended in error"
fi
echo >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo Script $0 >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo ==== $LOGMSG on `date` ==== >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo >> $RMAN_LOG_FILE
/bin/mailx -s "RMAN Backup SID " daimm@sf-express.com < $RMAN_LOG_FILE
exit $RSTAT
将该备份脚本添加到crontab， 然后定时执行：
[oracle@db1 u01]$ crontab -l
00 1 * * * /u01/scripts/incremental_hotbackup.sh
Unix crontab 命令详解
http://blog.csdn.net/tianlesoftware/archive/2010/02/22/5315039.aspx
在测试的时候，我们可以手工的修改，然后查看脚本的执行情况即可：
[root@db1 ~]# date --set "2010-7-16 11:11:11"
------------------------------2010年8月23日补充--------------------------
用这个脚本的时候发现一个问题，备份集可以通过设定保存粗略定期删除，但是备份的归档文件无法删除。
所以还需要定期的删除备份的归档文件。 一般保存15天。 shell 脚本如下。添加到crontab 里定时执行就可以了。
del_archive_backup.sh
#!/bin/ksh
# ##################################################################
#
# delete archvivelog backup file.sh
# tianlesoftware
#
# ##################################################################
PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/ucb:/etc:.:/usr/X/bin:/bin
export PATH
find /u01/incremental_hotbackup -mtime +15 -name "arch_*" -exec rm {} /;
说明，这里的路径写你自己的就可以了。
感谢jonkingwar ，你说的地方已经修改，至于#EOF ，估计是和平台有关系。 我在调试的时候运行有错误，把这行注释掉就可以运行了。 所以如果相同错误的，可以考虑这种方法。没有更好。
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