由简单的开始会比较好理解状态模式的作用,先来看一个例子,如果您有一个只能顺时针转动的瓦斯开关,转动一次的状态为off、 small fire、medium fire与large fire,您如何在程式中控制状态的变化与行为呢?一个最简单的方式就是用if..else或是switch流程来控制,例如:
程式执行结果与上一个例子是一样的,但这次并没有用流程控制来进行状态转换,而由物件自行控制自己的状态,与必须表现的行为,这个方式就是State 模式,将这个例子的 UML 类别结构画出就如下所示:
再进一步考虑开关可以顺时针与逆时针转动,这时如果您仍以if...else或switch来写,就会让流程显示复杂,来看看如何使用状态模式来撰 写:
接下来您可以任意的转动开关了,无论是顺时针转动或是逆时针转动,状态的转换都由物件自己来表现,这是双向状态转换下的例子, 如果一个状态可能转换至三个以上的状态,使用State模式就更可以看出它的好处了,就像Gof的TCP连线例子一样,如果您了解TCP连线,可以看看原 书是如何实现TCP连线之间的状态转换的。
State模式的UML结构图如下:
- State.java
public class State { private int state; public State() { state = 0; } public void switchFire() { if (state == 0) { state = 1; System.out.println( "small fire" ); } else if (state == 1) { state = 2; System.out.println( "medium fire" ); } else if (state == 2) { state = 3; System.out.println( "large fire" ); } else { state = 0; System.out.println( "turning off" ); } } }
- Main.java
public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { State state = new State(); state.switchFire(); state.switchFire(); state.switchFire(); state.switchFire(); } }
- IState.java
public interface IState { public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw); }
- OffState
public class OffState implements IState { public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) { sw.setState(new SmallState()); System.out.println( "small fire" ); } }
- SmallState.java
public class SmallState implements IState { public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) { sw.setState(new MediumState()); System.out.println( "medium fire" ); } }
- MediumState.java
public class MediumState implements IState { public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) { sw.setState(new LargeState()); System.out.println( "large fire" ); } }
- LargeState.java
public class LargeState implements IState { public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) { sw.setState(new OffState()); System.out.println( "off fire" ); } }
- FireSwitch.java
public class FireSwitch { private State current; public FireSwitch() { current = new OffState(); } public void setState(State s) { current = s; } public void switchFire() { current.switchFire(this); } }
- Main.java
public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { FireSwitch fireSwitch = new FireSwitch(); fireSwitch.switchFire(); fireSwitch.switchFire(); fireSwitch.switchFire(); fireSwitch.switchFire(); } }
程式执行结果与上一个例子是一样的,但这次并没有用流程控制来进行状态转换,而由物件自行控制自己的状态,与必须表现的行为,这个方式就是State 模式,将这个例子的 UML 类别结构画出就如下所示:
再进一步考虑开关可以顺时针与逆时针转动,这时如果您仍以if...else或switch来写,就会让流程显示复杂,来看看如何使用状态模式来撰 写:
- IState.java
public interface IState { public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw); public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw); }
- OffState.java
public class OffState implements IState { public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) { sw.setState(new SmallState()); System.out.println("small fire"); } public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) { sw.setState(new LargeState()); System.out.println("large fire"); } }
- SmallState.java
public class SmallState implements IState { public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) { sw.setState(new MediumState()); System.out.println("medium fire"); } public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) { sw.setState(new OffState()); System.out.println("off fire"); } }
- MediumState.java
public class MediumState implements IState { public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) { sw.setState(new LargeState()); System.out.println("large fire"); } public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) { sw.setState(new SmallState()); System.out.println("small fire"); } }
- LargeState.java
public class LargeState implements State { public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) { sw.setState(new OffState()); System.out.println("off fire"); } public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) { sw.setState(new MediumState()); System.out.println("medium fire"); } }
- FireSwitch.java
public class FireSwitch { private State current; public FireSwitch() { current = new OffState(); } public void setState(State s) { current = s; } public void switchClockWise() { current.switchClockWise(this); } public void switchCountClock() { current.switchCountClock(this); } }
- Main.java
public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { FireSwitch fireSwitch = new FireSwitch(); fireSwitch.switchClockWise(); fireSwitch.switchClockWise(); fireSwitch.switchClockWise(); fireSwitch.switchClockWise(); System.out.println(); fireSwitch.switchCountClock(); fireSwitch.switchCountClock(); fireSwitch.switchCountClock(); fireSwitch.switchCountClock(); } }
接下来您可以任意的转动开关了,无论是顺时针转动或是逆时针转动,状态的转换都由物件自己来表现,这是双向状态转换下的例子, 如果一个状态可能转换至三个以上的状态,使用State模式就更可以看出它的好处了,就像Gof的TCP连线例子一样,如果您了解TCP连线,可以看看原 书是如何实现TCP连线之间的状态转换的。
State模式的UML结构图如下: