我写过一篇《如何创建不可变类》。这篇文章中,我们将看到如何使用建造者模式创建不可变类。当构造器中的参数很多时,并且参数的顺序会给人造成困扰的时候,那么使用建造者模式来创建不可变类就是非常好的方法了。
使用建造者模式来创建不可变类
下面是使用建造者模式来创建不可变类的例子:
import java.util.HashMap;
/**
* @Description
* @Author hzmoudaen
* @Since 2014-5-11
*/
public class ImmutableClass {
//required fields
private int id;
private String name;
//optional fields
private HashMap<String, String> properties;
private String company;
public int getId(){
return id;
}
public String getName(){
return name;
}
@SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
public HashMap getProperties(){
return (HashMap<String, String>)properties.clone(); //返回对象的克隆以避免被客户端修改
}
public String getCompany(){
return company;
}
private ImmutableClass(ImmutableClassBuilder builder){
this.id = builder.id;
this.name = builder.name;
this.properties = builder.properties;
this.company = builder.company;
}
public static class ImmutableClassBuilder{
//required fields
private int id;
private String name;
//optional fields
private HashMap<String, String> properties;
private String company;
public ImmutableClassBuilder(int i,String nm){
this.id = i;
this.name = nm;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public ImmutableClassBuilder setProperties(HashMap<String, String> map){
this.properties = (HashMap<String, String>) map.clone();
return this;
}
public ImmutableClassBuilder setCompany(String cmp){
this.company = cmp;
return this;
}
public ImmutableClass build(){
return new ImmutableClass(this);
}
}
}
下面的测试代码为我们测试到底创建的对象是不是不可变的。
ImmutableBuilderTest.java
import java.util.HashMap;
/**
* @Description
* @Author hzmoudaen
* @Since 2014-5-11
*/
public class ImmutableBuilderTest {
@SuppressWarnings({ "unused", "unchecked" })
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Getting immutable class only with required parameters
ImmutableClass immutableClass = new ImmutableClass.ImmutableClassBuilder(1, "Pankaj").build();
HashMap<String, String> hm = new HashMap<String, String>();
hm.put("Name", "Pankaj");
hm.put("City", "San Jose");
// Getting immutable class with optional parameters
ImmutableClass immutableClass1 = new ImmutableClass.ImmutableClassBuilder(1, "Pankaj").setCompany("Apple").setProperties(hm).build();
// Testing immutability
HashMap<String, String> hm1 = immutableClass1.getProperties();
// lets modify the Object passed as argument or get from the Object
hm1.put("test", "test");
hm.put("test", "test");
// check that immutable class properties are not changed
System.out.println(immutableClass1.getProperties());
}
}
重要的知识点
- 不可变类只有getter方法
- 不可变类只有一个私有的构造器,以Builder对象作为参数来创建不可变对象
- 如果不可变类的成员变量是可变的(譬如HashMap),我们需要使用深拷贝(deep copy)或者克隆来防止成员变量被更改
- 当可选的成员变量很多的时候,使用建造者模式创建不可变类是不错的方法