web服务器收到客户端的http请求,会针对每一次请求,分别创建一个用于代表请求的request对象和代表响应的response对象。request和response对象既然代表请求和响应,那我们获取客户机提交过来的数据,只需要找request对象即可,要向客户机输出数据,只需要找response对象即可。这一节我们来看看Servlet的这两个对象:HttpServletResponse对象和HttpServletRequest对象。
1. HttpServletRequest对象
HttpServletRequest对象代表客户端的请求,当客户端通过HTTP协议访问服务器时,HTTP请求头中的所有信息都封装在这个对象中,开发人员通过这个对象中的方法,可以获得客户的这些信息。
1)获取客户机环境信息常用的方法如下:(具体见Demo1)
- getRequestURL(); //返回客户端发出请求时的完整URL
- getRequestURI(); //返回请求行中的资源名部分
- getQueryString(); //返回请求行中的参数部分
- getRemoteAddr(); //返回发出请求的客户机的IP地址
- getRemoteHost(); //返回发出请求的客户机完整主机名
- getRemotePort(); //返回客户机所使用的网络端口号
- getLocalAddr(); //返回WEB服务器的IP地址
- getLocalName(); //返回WEB服务器的主机名
- getMethod(); //得到客户机请求方式
- //获取客户机环境信息常见的方法
- public class RequestDemo1 extends HttpServlet {
- public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
- throws ServletException, IOException {
- //uri标识一个资源,url标识互联网上的一个资源,所以url是uri的子集
- System.out.println(request.getRequestURL());//会打印出http://localhost:8080/test/servlet/RequestDemo1
- System.out.println(request.getRequestURI());//会打印出/test/servlet/RequestDemo1
- //请求http://localhost:8080/test/servlet/RequestDemo1?name=eson_15
- System.out.println(request.getQueryString());//打印出name=eson_15
- System.out.println(request.getRemoteAddr());//打印出来访地址:127.0.0.1
- System.out.println(request.getRemoteHost());//打印来访主机:127.0.0.1
- System.out.println(request.getRemotePort());//打印来访端口号:3969
- System.out.println(request.getLocalAddr());//打印出服务器地址:127.0.0.1
- System.out.println(request.getMethod());//打印访问方式:GET/POST
- }
- public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
- throws ServletException, IOException {
- doGet(request, response);
- }
- }
2)获取请求信息常用的方法--Map如下:(Demo2)
- //获得客户机请求头
- getHeader(String name);
- getHeaders(String name); //获取指定名称的头的所有值
- getHeaderNames(); //获取所有头的名称
- //获得客户机请求参数(客户端提交的数据)
- getParameter(name);
- getParameterValues(String name); //获取指定参数名的所有值
- getParameterNames(); //获取所有参数名
- getParameterMap(); //获取封装数据的map集合,在框架中使用频繁
- public class RequestDemo2 extends HttpServlet {
- public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
- throws ServletException, IOException {
- <pre name="code" class="java"> //获取压缩方式 gzip,deflate.实际中在输出数据之前可以用该方法先判断浏览器是否支持gzip方式
- System.out.println(request.getHeader("Accept-Encoding"));
- //获取指定名称的头的所有值
- Enumeration e = request.getHeaders("Accept-Encoding");
- while(e.hasMoreElements()) {
- String value = (String) e.nextElement();
- System.out.println(value);
- }
- System.out.println("----------------------------");
- //获取所有的头和值
- e = request.getHeaderNames();
- while(e.hasMoreElements()) {
- String name = (String) e.nextElement();
- String value = request.getHeader(name);
- System.out.println(name + "=" + value);
- }
- System.out.println("----------------------------");
- //http://localhost:8080/day06/servlet/RequestDemo2?name=eson_15
- System.out.println(request.getParameter("name"));//eson_15
- //http://localhost:8080/day06/servlet/RequestDemo2?like=sing&like=dance
- String likes[] = request.getParameterValues("like");//获取指定参数名的所有值
- //重要!获取数组数据的方式(可避免空指针异常)
- for(int i = 0; likes != null && i < likes.length; i++) {
- System.out.println(likes[i]);//sing dance
- }
- System.out.println("----------------------------");
- //http://localhost:8080/day06/servlet/RequestDemo2?name=eson_15&like=swim&love=you
- e = request.getParameterNames();//获取所有参数名
- while(e.hasMoreElements()) {
- String name = (String) e.nextElement();
- String value = request.getParameter(name);
- System.out.println(name + "=" + value);
- }
- System.out.println("----------------------------");
- http://localhost:8080/day06/servlet/RequestDemo2?name=eson_15&like=swim&love=you
- Map<String, String[]> map = request.getParameterMap();
- for(Map.Entry<String, String[]> me : map.entrySet()) {
- String name = me.getKey();
- String value[] = me.getValue();
- System.out.println(name + "=" + value[0]);
- }
- }
- public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
- throws ServletException, IOException {
- doGet(request, response);
- }
- }
3)实现请求转发:(Demo3/test.jsp/Demo4)
request对象实现请求转发:请求转发指一个web资源受到客户端请求后,通知服务器去调用另一个web资源进行处理。请求转发应用场景:MVC设计模式 request对象提供了一个getRequestDispatcher方法,该方法返回一个RequestDispatcher对象,调用这个对象的forwoard方法可以实现请求转发。 request对象同时也是一个域对象,开发人员通过request对象在实现转发时,把数据通过request对象带给其他web资源处理。相关方法如下:
- setAttribute(); //设置属性
- getAttribute(); //获得属性值
- removeAttribute(); //删除某个属性
- getAttributeNames(); //获得所有属性名
- //以上所有方法中的参数我都省略了,括号里为空并不代表没有参数!!
- //Demo3:请求转发:MVC 重点
- public class RequestDemo3 extends HttpServlet {
- public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
- throws ServletException, IOException {
- String data = "abcd";
- //开发中不能用ServletContext做容器,因为用户公用一个ServletContext,一个用户设置了数据后,另一个用户如果也设置了,将会覆盖第一个用户的值
- // this.getServletContext().setAttribute("data", data);
- //request本身就是一个容器,我们可以用request来传递数据,不同的用户有不同的request,相互之间不会产生影响
- request.setAttribute("data", data);
- //转发方法1,框架习惯用这种
- // RequestDispatcher rd = this.getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/test.jsp");
- // rd.forward(request, response);
- //转发方法2, 开发习惯用这种。这两种方法没有区别
- RequestDispatcher rd = request.getRequestDispatcher("/test.jsp");
- rd.forward(request, response);
- }
- public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
- throws ServletException, IOException {
- doGet(request, response);
- }
- }
- <html>
- <head>
- </head>
- <body>
- <%
- //String data = (String) this.getServletContext().getAttribute("data");
- String data = (String) request.getAttribute("data");
- out.write(data);
- %>
- </body>
- </html>
首先看一下前台页面form.html,主要是获得几个参数:
- <!DOCTYPE html>
- <html>
- <head>
- <title>form.html</title>
- <meta name="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
- <meta name="description" content="this is my page">
- <meta name="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
- <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8">
- <!--<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./styles.css">-->
- </head>
- <body>
- <form action="/test/servlet/RequestDemo4" method="get">
- 用户名:<input type="text" name="username"/><br/>
- 密码:<input type="password" name="password"/><br/>
- 性别:
- <input type="radio" name="gender" value="male"/>男
- <input type="radio" name="gender" value="female"/>女<br/>
- 城市:
- <select name="city">
- <option value="beijing">北京</option>
- <option value="shanghai">上海</option>
- <option value="guangzhou">广州</option>
- </select><br/>
- 爱好:
- <input type="checkbox" name="like" value="sing">唱歌
- <input type="checkbox" name="like" value="dance">跳舞
- <input type="checkbox" name="like" value="basketball">篮球
- <input type="checkbox" name="like" value="football">足球
- <br/>
- 简历:
- <textarea rows="5" cols="60" name="resume">请输入简历</textarea>
- <br/>
- 相片:
- <input type="file" name="file"/><br/>
- <input type="hidden" name="name" value="xxx"><br/>
- <input type="submit" value="提交"/>
- </form>
- </body>
- </html>
- public class RequestDemo4 extends HttpServlet {
- public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
- throws ServletException, IOException {
- request.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");//通过UTF-8获得浏览器中的数据 (post方式有效)
- //关于GET方式,请见下面这个帖子,写的很详细,请认真阅读一下
- //http://blog.csdn.net/xh16319/article/details/8456547
- System.out.println(request.getParameter("username"));
- System.out.println(request.getParameter("gender"));
- System.out.println(request.getParameter("city"));
- String likes[] = request.getParameterValues("like");
- for(int i = 0; likes != null && i < likes.length; i++){
- System.out.println(likes[i]);
- }
- System.out.println(request.getParameter("resume"));
- System.out.println(request.getParameter("name"));
- }
- public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
- throws ServletException, IOException {
- doGet(request, response);
- }
- }
2. HttpServletResponse对象
这个对象是指服务器的响应,这个对象中封装了想客户端发送数据,发送响应头,发送响应状态码的方法。如:
- PrintWriter getWriter(); /得到字符流
- ServletOutputStream getOutputStream(); //得到字节流
- void setStatus(int sc); //设置要发送的状态码
- void setHead(String name, String value); //响应头 等等
1)向客户端输出中文数据:分别以OutputStream和PrintWriter输出(Demo1)
- public class ResponseDemo1 extends HttpServlet {
- public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
- throws ServletException, IOException {
- // outputChineseByByte(response);
- outputChineseByChar(response);
- }
- private void outputChineseByChar(HttpServletResponse response)
- throws IOException {
- String data = "中国";
- response.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=UTF-8");//通知浏览器以UTF-8打开,注意里面是分号不是逗号
- response.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");//通过response以UTF-8输出
- /*
- * 上面两个步骤可以用一个方法来等价
- * response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
- * 在这个方法里相当于做了以上两件事,开发中用该方法比较方便,但是不方便理解,视个人习惯而定
- */
- PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();//一定要先将上面设置好才能输出
- out.write(data);
- }
- //以字节流方式输出
- private void outputChineseByByte(HttpServletResponse response)
- throws IOException, UnsupportedEncodingException {
- //在服务器端,数据是以哪个码表输出的,那么就要控制浏览器用哪个码表打开
- String data = "中国";
- OutputStream out = response.getOutputStream();
- response.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=UTF-8");//告诉浏览器用utf-8编码打开
- // 这种用html来模拟http响应头的方式也可以,即告诉浏览器以UTF-8的方式打开
- // out.write("<meta http-equiv='content-type' content='text/html;charset=UTF-8'>".getBytes());
- out.write(data.getBytes("UTF-8"));//将“中国”这个字符通过字节输出,一定会查码表,浏览器在打开的时候若查的不是这个码表,则就会出错
- }
- public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
- throws ServletException, IOException {
- doGet(request, response);
- }
- }
2)文件下载和中文文件下载(Demo2)
- public class ResponseDemo2 extends HttpServlet {
- public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
- throws ServletException, IOException {
- // downloadFile(response);
- downloadErrorDemo(response);
- }
- //中文文件的下载,中文文件名要经过URL编码
- private void downloadFile(HttpServletResponse response) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
- String realPath = this.getServletContext().getRealPath("/狗狗.jpg"); //狗狗.jpg存放在WebRoot下
- String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1);
- //URLEncoding
- response.setHeader("content-disposition", "attachment;filename=" + URLEncoder.encode(fileName));
- FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);
- int len = 0;
- byte buffer[] = new byte[1024];
- OutputStream out = response.getOutputStream();
- while((len = in.read(buffer)) > 0) {
- out.write(buffer, 0, len);
- }
- in.close();
- }
- //文件下载注意事项:字节流可以处理任意类型的数据,字符流只能处理字符数据,如果用字符流处理字节数据会导致数据丢失
- private void downloadErrorDemo(HttpServletResponse response) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
- String realPath = this.getServletContext().getRealPath("/狗狗.jpg");
- String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1);
- response.setHeader("content-disposition", "attachment;filename=" + URLEncoder.encode(fileName));
- FileReader in = new FileReader(realPath);
- int len = 0;
- char buffer[] = new char[1024];
- PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
- while((len = in.read(buffer)) > 0){
- out.write(buffer, 0, len);
- }
- /*
- * 该程序下载下来的文件无法打开的原因:
- * 因为任意文件都是通过二进制保存的,那么字符流在读取图片文件时,每次读取一个字符大小的二进制数,该二进制数在gb2312中可能并没有相对应的码,结果就用?代替。
- * 然后写到浏览器的时候,浏览器拿到?并不能正确解析出原始的二进制数,就用0代替,这样就造成了数据的丢失。
- * 所以字符流不能去读取字节数据,会导致数据的丢失
- *
- */
- in.close();
- }
- public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
- throws ServletException, IOException {
- doGet(request, response);
- }
- }
3)输出随机图片(Demo3)
- public class ResponseDemo3 extends HttpServlet {
- public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
- //6. 设置头,控制浏览器不要缓存图片数据
- response.setHeader("cache-control", "no-cache");
- //5. 通知浏览器以图片方式打开
- response.setHeader("content-type","image/jpeg");
- //1. 在内存中创建一幅图片
- BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(80, 20, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
- //2. 得到图片
- Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D)image.getGraphics();
- g.setColor(Color.WHITE);
- g.fillRect(0, 0, 80, 20);//用白色填充整个矩形背景
- //3. 向图片上写数据
- g.setColor(Color.RED);//设置图片背景
- g.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20));//设置文字
- g.drawString(makeNum(), 0, 20);//写上随机数
- //4. 将图片写给浏览器
- ImageIO.write(image, "jpg", response.getOutputStream());
- }
- private String makeNum() {
- Random r = new Random();
- String num = r.nextInt(9999999) + "";//0-9999999
- StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
- for(int i = 0; i < 7-num.length(); i++){
- sb.append("0");
- }
- return sb.toString() + num;
- }
- public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
- throws ServletException, IOException {
- doGet(request, response);
- }
- }
4)发送http头以及请求重定向(这一块放在下一篇博客里解说)
3. web工程中url地址的写法
在程序中有写:
- //web工程中url地址的写法
- public class ResponseDemo4 extends HttpServlet {
- public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
- throws ServletException, IOException {
- /*只要是写地址,请统统以"/"开始,若"/"是给服务器用的则代表web工程,若"/"是给浏览器用的则代表webapps**/
- //servletContext
- this.getServletContext().getRealPath("/dog.jpg");//给服务器用的
- //forward
- this.getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/servlet/ResponseDemo3");//给服务器用的
- //sendRedirect
- response.sendRedirect("/test/servlet/ResponseDemo3");//给浏览器用的
- //html <a href="/test/servlet/ResponseDemo3"></a> //给浏览器用的
- }
- public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
- throws ServletException, IOException {
- doGet(request, response);
- }
- }