MySQL 函数索引注意点

今天看文章，看到一篇比较有意思的文章，给大家分享下

先放链接：Putting the Fun in MySQL Functional Indexes MySQL Functional Indexes, https://www.percona.com/blog/putting-the-fun-in-mysql-functional-indexes/

在本地创建如下表：

root@mysql3306.sock>[employees]>show create table emp1 \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: emp1
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `emp1` (
`emp_no` int NOT NULL,
`birth_date` date NOT NULL,
`first_name` varchar(14) NOT NULL,
`last_name` varchar(16) NOT NULL,
`gender` enum('M','F') NOT NULL,
`hire_date` date NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`emp_no`),
  KEY `ix_firstname` (`first_name`),
  KEY `ix_3` (`emp_no`,`first_name`),
  KEY `idx_t1` (`first_name`,`emp_no` DESC),
  KEY `idx_t5` (((`emp_no` + 1))),
  KEY `idx_emp1_n1` ((substr(`birth_date`,1,4))),
  KEY `idx_emp1_n2` ((month(`birth_date`)))
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb3

数据如下：

root@mysql3306.sock>[employees]>select * from emp1 limit 10 ;
+--------+------------+------------+-----------+--------+------------+
| emp_no | birth_date | first_name | last_name | gender | hire_date  |
+--------+------------+------------+-----------+--------+------------+
|  10001 | 1953-09-02 | Georgi     | Facello   | M      | 1986-06-26 |
|  10002 | 1964-06-02 | Bezalel    | Simmel    | F      | 1985-11-21 |
|  10003 | 1959-12-03 | Parto      | Bamford   | M      | 1986-08-28 |
|  10004 | 1954-05-01 | Chirstian  | Koblick   | M      | 1986-12-01 |
|  10005 | 1955-01-21 | Kyoichi    | Maliniak  | M      | 1989-09-12 |
|  10006 | 1953-04-20 | Anneke     | Preusig   | F      | 1989-06-02 |
|  10007 | 1957-05-23 | Tzvetan    | Zielinski | F      | 1989-02-10 |
|  10008 | 1958-02-19 | Saniya     | Kalloufi  | M      | 1994-09-15 |
|  10009 | 1952-04-19 | Sumant     | Peac      | F      | 1985-02-18 |
|  10010 | 1963-06-01 | Duangkaew  | Piveteau  | F      | 1989-08-24 |
+--------+------------+------------+-----------+--------+------------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)

先看下面两个例子：

root@mysql3306.sock>[employees]>desc select * from emp1 where emp_no=10002  limit 10 ;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | emp1  | NULL       | const | PRIMARY,ix_3  | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)


root@mysql3306.sock>[employees]>desc select * from emp1 where emp_no='10002'  limit 10 ;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | emp1  | NULL       | const | PRIMARY,ix_3  | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

如上所示 两个都可以使用到了索引。

现在开始看函数式索引情况：

root@mysql3306.sock>[employees]>desc select * from emp1 where emp_no+1=10002  limit 10 ;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+--------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key    | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+--------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | emp1  | NULL       | ref  | idx_t5        | idx_t5 | 8       | const |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+--------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)


root@mysql3306.sock>[employees]>desc select * from emp1 where emp_no+1='10002'  limit 10 ;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows   | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | emp1  | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 299202 |   100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

上面两个例子 一个使用了索引一个没有！

说明函数式索引严格按照左右两边必须样式一样才可以。

如下所示：

root@mysql3306.sock>[employees]>desc select * from emp1 where emp_no+1= cast( '10002' as unsigned )   limit 10 ;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+--------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key    | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+--------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | emp1  | NULL       | ref  | idx_t5        | idx_t5 | 8       | const |    1 |   100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+--------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

那问题就来了，我们使用函数索引的时候，必须清楚函数的结果类型以便更好的使用它：

KEY `idx_emp1_n1` ((substr(`birth_date`,1,4))),
  KEY `idx_emp1_n2` ((month(`birth_date`)))

我们再结合上面的两个索引说明下：

root@mysql3306.sock>[employees]>desc select emp1.* ,  substring(birth_date,1,4)  ,month(birth_date)  from emp1 where substring(birth_date,1,4)='1964' limit 10 ;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+-------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key         | key_len | ref   | rows  | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+-------+----------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | emp1  | NULL       | ref  | idx_emp1_n1   | idx_emp1_n1 | 19      | const | 43460 |   100.00 | NULL  |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+-------+----------+-------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)


root@mysql3306.sock>[employees]>desc select emp1.* ,  substring(birth_date,1,4)  ,month(birth_date)  from emp1 where substring(birth_date,1,4)=1964 limit 10 ;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows   | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | emp1  | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 299202 |   100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)


root@mysql3306.sock>[employees]>desc select emp1.* ,  substring(birth_date,1,4)  ,month(birth_date)  from emp1 where month(birth_date)=9 limit 10 ;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+-------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key         | key_len | ref   | rows  | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+-------+----------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | emp1  | NULL       | ref  | idx_emp1_n2   | idx_emp1_n2 | 5       | const | 44756 |   100.00 | NULL  |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+-------+----------+-------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)


root@mysql3306.sock>[employees]>desc select emp1.* ,  substring(birth_date,1,4)  ,month(birth_date)  from emp1 where month(birth_date)='9' limit 10 ;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows   | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | emp1  | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 299202 |   100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

在上面的四个例子中

 KEY `idx_emp1_n1` ((substr(`birth_date`,1,4)))

这个索引比较容易，是字符串。但是

 KEY `idx_emp1_n2` ((month(`birth_date`)))

这个就比较难很难看出是数字还是字符串。

在此我提供如下方案，用hex函数：

root@mysql3306.sock>[employees]>select hex(emp_no+1)a ,emp_no+1 a1 ,
 hex( substring(birth_date,1,4) ) b,substring(birth_date,1,4) b1 
 ,hex( month(birth_date)) c,month(birth_date) c1  from emp1 limit 3 ;
+------+-------+----------+------+------+------+
| a    | a1    | b        | b1   | c    | c1   |
+------+-------+----------+------+------+------+
| 2712 | 10002 | 31393533 | 1953 | 9    |    9 |
| 2713 | 10003 | 31393634 | 1964 | 6    |    6 |
| 2714 | 10004 | 31393539 | 1959 | C    |   12 |
+------+-------+----------+------+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

从上面的结果中可以看出除了hex( substring(birth_date,1,4) ) 其他的都是基于16进制的数字：

2712
root@mysql3306.sock>[employees]>select 2*power(16,3) + 7*power(16,2)+ 1*power(16,1)+2*power(16,0) a ;
+-------+
| a     |
+-------+
| 10002 |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

我们可以通过hex函数来判断函数结果的类型，然后根据这个来判断我们想使用函数索引的时候是否加单引号还是去掉单引号。

全文完。

Enjoy MySQL ：）

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