南京网络赛 The Great Nim Game

 

题意:

有n堆石子,从中选出k堆,使选出的石子进行nim游戏时先手必胜,求方案数。

题解:

nim游戏中,所有石子的异或和不为0,先手必胜,问题就化简为,n个数中的子集的异或和不为0的方案数。

dp[i][j]表示选前i个数,异或和为j的方案数。

dp方程:

dp[i][j]=dp[i-1][j^a[i]]*(选奇数个a[i]的方案数)+dp[i-1][j]*(选偶数个a[i]的方案数)

假设a[i]有x个,那么选奇数个a[i]的方案数和选偶数个a[i]的方案数都为2^(x-1)

方程化简为

dp[i][j]=(dp[i-1][j(xor)a[i]]+dp[i-1][j])*(2^{num[a[i]]-1})

设tot为数字的种类,设 dp[i][j]=(dp[i-1][j(xor)a[i]]+dp[i-1][j])

Ans=(\sum _{i=1}^{4095}dp[tot][i])*2^{N-tot}

Ans对100000007取模,根据费马小定理N-tot需对1000000006取模,再用快速幂即可。

 

代码:

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#include<hash_map>
#define N 10000010
#define INF 0x3f3f3f3f
#define eps 1e-8
#define pi 3.141592653589793
#define LL long long
#define pb push_back
#define cl clear
#define si size
#define lb lowwer_bound
#define mem(x) memset(x,0,sizeof x)
#define sc(x) scanf("%d",&x)
#define scc(x,y) scanf("%d%d",&x,&y)
#define sccc(x,y,z) scanf("%d%d%d",&x,&y,&z)
#define P 1000000007
#define mod 1000000007
using namespace std;

char s[N];
LL dp[2][4100],x,a,b,c,d,e,k;

LL qumi(LL x,LL y,LL mo)
{
	LL res=1;
	while(y)
	{
		if (y&1) res=res*x%mo;
		x=x*x%mo;
		y>>=1;
	}
	return res;
}

int fag[4100],f[4100];

int main()
{
	while(~scanf("%s%lld",s,&x))
	{
		LL t=0;int tt=0; 
		for (int i=0;s[i];i++)
		{
			t=t*10+s[i]-'0';
			t=t%(mod-1);
			if (tt<4100) tt=tt*10+s[i]-'0';
		}
		
		scanf("%lld%lld%lld%lld%lld%lld",&a,&b,&c,&d,&e,&k);
		
		mem(fag); f[1]=x; fag[x]=1; LL tot=tt;
		
		for (int i=2;i<=tt;i++)
		{
			LL x=f[i-1];
			f[i]=(a*x*x*x*x+b*x*x*x+c*x*x+d*x+e-1)%k+1;
			if (fag[f[i]])
			{
				tot=i-1;
				break;
			}else fag[f[i]]=i;
		}
		
		t=(t-tot%(mod-1)+mod-1)%(mod-1);
		
		int x=0,y=1;
		
		mem(dp[0]); dp[0][0]=1;
		
		for (int i=1;i<=tot;i++,swap(x,y))
			for (int j=0;j<4096;j++) dp[y][j]=(dp[x][j^f[i]]+dp[x][j])%mod;

		LL ans=0;
		for (int i=1;i<4096;i++) ans=(ans+dp[x][i])%mod;

		printf("%lld\n",ans*qumi(2,t,mod)%mod);
	}
}

Description Nim is a 2-player game featuring several piles of stones. Players alternate turns, and on his/her turn, a player’s move consists of removing one or more stones from any single pile. Play ends when all the stones have been removed, at which point the last player to have moved is declared the winner. Given a position in Nim, your task is to determine how many winning moves there are in that position. A position in Nim is called “losing” if the first player to move from that position would lose if both sides played perfectly. A “winning move,” then, is a move that leaves the game in a losing position. There is a famous theorem that classifies all losing positions. Suppose a Nim position contains n piles having k1, k2, …, kn stones respectively; in such a position, there are k1 + k2 + … + kn possible moves. We write each ki in binary (base 2). Then, the Nim position is losing if and only if, among all the ki’s, there are an even number of 1’s in each digit position. In other words, the Nim position is losing if and only if the xor of the ki’s is 0. Consider the position with three piles given by k1 = 7, k2 = 11, and k3 = 13. In binary, these values are as follows: 111 1011 1101 There are an odd number of 1’s among the rightmost digits, so this position is not losing. However, suppose k3 were changed to be 12. Then, there would be exactly two 1’s in each digit position, and thus, the Nim position would become losing. Since a winning move is any move that leaves the game in a losing position, it follows that removing one stone from the third pile is a winning move when k1 = 7, k2 = 11, and k3 = 13. In fact, there are exactly three winning moves from this position: namely removing one stone from any of the three piles. Input The input test file will contain multiple test cases, each of which begins with a line indicating the number of piles, 1 ≤ n ≤ 1000. On the next line, there are n positive integers, 1 ≤ ki ≤ 1, 000, 000, 000, indicating the number of stones in each pile. The end-of-file is marked by a test case with n = 0 and should not be processed. Output For each test case, write a single line with an integer indicating the number of winning moves from the given Nim position. Sample Input 3 7 11 13 2 1000000000 1000000000 0 Sample Output 3 0 Source Stanford Local 2005
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