java.lang.Object +- javax.servlet.GenericServlet +- javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet +- org.springframework.web.servlet.HttpServletBean +- org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet
上图是DispatcherServlet的继承树,我们可以看出DispatcherServlet其实是HttpServlet的子类,那么初始化的过程我们就从HttpServlet的init()方法开始看起。
实际上HttpServlet的init()方法是一个空方法,目的就是留给子类去实现具体的初始化逻辑。那么我们就来看一下HttpServletBean这个类是怎么初始化的。
/** * Map config parameters onto bean properties of this servlet, and * invoke subclass initialization. * @throws ServletException if bean properties are invalid (or required * properties are missing), or if subclass initialization fails. */ @Override public final void init() throws ServletException { if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Initializing servlet '" + getServletName() + "'"); } // Set bean properties from init parameters. try { PropertyValues pvs = new ServletConfigPropertyValues(getServletConfig(), this.requiredProperties); BeanWrapper bw = PropertyAccessorFactory.forBeanPropertyAccess(this); ResourceLoader resourceLoader = new ServletContextResourceLoader(getServletContext()); bw.registerCustomEditor(Resource.class, new ResourceEditor(resourceLoader, getEnvironment())); initBeanWrapper(bw); bw.setPropertyValues(pvs, true); } catch (BeansException ex) { logger.error("Failed to set bean properties on servlet '" + getServletName() + "'", ex); throw ex; } // Let subclasses do whatever initialization they like. initServletBean(); if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Servlet '" + getServletName() + "' configured successfully"); } }
看注释,看代码都很明显的,这一段代码分为2个部分:
第一部分可看做try catch这一部分,简单点说这里就是以依赖注入的方式来读取Servlet类的<init-param>配置信息,这里用到的是set注入方式。我们可以想想自己在web.xml中是怎么配置这个servlet的。
第二部分就是initServletBean()方法了。这方法其实也是一个空方法,具体实现由其子类完成,这是一个典型的模板方法设计模式。SpringMVC在此生动的运用了这个模式,init()方法就是模版方法模式中的模板方法,SpringMVC真正的初始化过程,由子类FrameworkServlet中覆写的initServletBean()方法触发。
我们继续看源码
/** * Overridden method of {@link HttpServletBean}, invoked after any bean properties * have been set. Creates this servlet's WebApplicationContext. */ @Override protected final void initServletBean() throws ServletException { getServletContext().log("Initializing Spring FrameworkServlet '" + getServletName() + "'"); if (this.logger.isInfoEnabled()) { this.logger.info("FrameworkServlet '" + getServletName() + "': initialization started"); } long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); try { this.webApplicationContext = initWebApplicationContext(); initFrameworkServlet(); } catch (ServletException ex) { this.logger.error("Context initialization failed", ex); throw ex; } catch (RuntimeException ex) { this.logger.error("Context initialization failed", ex); throw ex; } if (this.logger.isInfoEnabled()) { long elapsedTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime; this.logger.info("FrameworkServlet '" + getServletName() + "': initialization completed in " + elapsedTime + " ms"); } }
上图是FrameworkServlet中的initServletBean()方法,这里initFrameworkServlet()是一个空方法,那么这个方法要做的事情就一目了然了:
this.webApplicationContext = initWebApplicationContext()
之所以设计一个类出来,却只做了这么一件事情,其目的是为了分离出创建WebApplicationContext上下文的过程
/** * Initialize and publish the WebApplicationContext for this servlet. * <p>Delegates to {@link #createWebApplicationContext} for actual creation * of the context. Can be overridden in subclasses. * @return the WebApplicationContext instance * @see #FrameworkServlet(WebApplicationContext) * @see #setContextClass * @see #setContextConfigLocation */ protected WebApplicationContext initWebApplicationContext() { WebApplicationContext rootContext = WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(getServletContext()); WebApplicationContext wac = null; if (this.webApplicationContext != null) { // A context instance was injected at construction time -> use it wac = this.webApplicationContext; if (wac instanceof ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) { ConfigurableWebApplicationContext cwac = (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) wac; if (!cwac.isActive()) { // The context has not yet been refreshed -> provide services such as // setting the parent context, setting the application context id, etc if (cwac.getParent() == null) { // The context instance was injected without an explicit parent -> set // the root application context (if any; may be null) as the parent cwac.setParent(rootContext); } configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(cwac); } } } if (wac == null) { // No context instance was injected at construction time -> see if one // has been registered in the servlet context. If one exists, it is assumed // that the parent context (if any) has already been set and that the // user has performed any initialization such as setting the context id wac = findWebApplicationContext(); } if (wac == null) { // No context instance is defined for this servlet -> create a local one wac = createWebApplicationContext(rootContext); } if (!this.refreshEventReceived) { // Either the context is not a ConfigurableApplicationContext with refresh // support or the context injected at construction time had already been // refreshed -> trigger initial onRefresh manually here. onRefresh(wac); } if (this.publishContext) { // Publish the context as a servlet context attribute. String attrName = getServletContextAttributeName(); getServletContext().setAttribute(attrName, wac); if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) { this.logger.debug("Published WebApplicationContext of servlet '" + getServletName() + "' as ServletContext attribute with name [" + attrName + "]"); } } return wac; }
通过3个if语句可以看到在initWebApplicationContext()方法里,实际上有3个策略来完成对WebApplicationContext的创建,但是最终都会调用到onRefresh(ApplicationContext context)方法。onRefresh方法在DispatcherServlet类中被覆写,以上面得到的上下文为依托,完成SpringMVC中默认实现类的初始化。当然通过不同的策略得到的上下文,对后面初始化的结果也会产生影响。
接下来就到了DispatcherServlet,我们来看一下初始化的代码
/** * This implementation calls {@link #initStrategies}. */ @Override protected void onRefresh(ApplicationContext context) { initStrategies(context); } /** * Initialize the strategy objects that this servlet uses. * <p>May be overridden in subclasses in order to initialize further strategy objects. */ protected void initStrategies(ApplicationContext context) { initMultipartResolver(context); initLocaleResolver(context); initThemeResolver(context); initHandlerMappings(context); initHandlerAdapters(context); initHandlerExceptionResolvers(context); initRequestToViewNameTranslator(context); initViewResolvers(context); initFlashMapManager(context); }
可以看到这里有9个init***方法通过上下文来初始化下图中的9个属性
/** MultipartResolver used by this servlet */ private MultipartResolver multipartResolver; /** LocaleResolver used by this servlet */ private LocaleResolver localeResolver; /** ThemeResolver used by this servlet */ private ThemeResolver themeResolver; /** List of HandlerMappings used by this servlet */ private List<HandlerMapping> handlerMappings; /** List of HandlerAdapters used by this servlet */ private List<HandlerAdapter> handlerAdapters; /** List of HandlerExceptionResolvers used by this servlet */ private List<HandlerExceptionResolver> handlerExceptionResolvers; /** RequestToViewNameTranslator used by this servlet */ private RequestToViewNameTranslator viewNameTranslator; /** FlashMapManager used by this servlet */ private FlashMapManager flashMapManager; /** List of ViewResolvers used by this servlet */ private List<ViewResolver> viewResolvers;
这里只做简单介绍一下这些属性:
MultipartResolver:文件上传解析,用于支持文件上传;
LocalResover:本地化解析,因为Spring支持国际化,因此LocalResover解析客户端的Locale信息从而方便进行国际化;
ThemeResovler:主题解析,通过它来实现一个页面多套风格,即常见的类似于软件皮肤效果;
HandlerMapping:请求到处理器的映射,如果映射成功返回一个HandlerExecutionChain对象(包含一个Handler处理器(页面控制器)对象、多个HandlerInterceptor拦截器)对象;如BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping将URL与Bean名字映射,映射成功的Bean就是此处的处理器;
HandlerAdapter:HandlerAdapter将会把处理器包装为适配器,从而支持多种类型的处理器,即适配器设计模式的应用,从而很容易支持很多类型的处理器;如SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter将对实现了Controller接口的Bean进行适配,并且掉处理器的handleRequest方法进行功能处理;
HandlerExceptionResolver:处理器异常解析,可以将异常映射到相应的统一错误界面,从而显示用户友好的界面(而不是给用户看到具体的错误信息);
RequestToViewNameTranslator:当处理器没有返回逻辑视图名等相关信息时,自动将请求URL映射为逻辑视图名;
FlashMapManager:用于管理FlashMap的策略接口,FlashMap用于存储一个请求的输出,当进入另一个请求时作为该请求的输入,通常用于重定向场景;
ViewResolver:ViewResolver将把逻辑视图名解析为具体的View,通过这种策略模式,很容易更换其他视图技术;如InternalResourceViewResolver将逻辑视图名映射为jsp视图。
好了,接下来我们通过initHandlerMappings(ApplicationContext context)方法来分析一下springMVC如何初始化的,其他方法也都类似。
/** * Initialize the HandlerMappings used by this class. * <p>If no HandlerMapping beans are defined in the BeanFactory for this namespace, * we default to BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping. */ private void initHandlerMappings(ApplicationContext context) { this.handlerMappings = null; if (this.detectAllHandlerMappings) { // Find all HandlerMappings in the ApplicationContext, including ancestor contexts. Map<String, HandlerMapping> matchingBeans = BeanFactoryUtils.beansOfTypeIncludingAncestors(context, HandlerMapping.class, true, false); if (!matchingBeans.isEmpty()) { this.handlerMappings = new ArrayList<HandlerMapping>(matchingBeans.values()); // We keep HandlerMappings in sorted order. OrderComparator.sort(this.handlerMappings); } } else { try { HandlerMapping hm = context.getBean(HANDLER_MAPPING_BEAN_NAME, HandlerMapping.class); this.handlerMappings = Collections.singletonList(hm); } catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex) { // Ignore, we'll add a default HandlerMapping later. } } // Ensure we have at least one HandlerMapping, by registering // a default HandlerMapping if no other mappings are found. if (this.handlerMappings == null) { this.handlerMappings = getDefaultStrategies(context, HandlerMapping.class); if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("No HandlerMappings found in servlet '" + getServletName() + "': using default"); } } }
detectAllHandlerMappings变量默认为true,所以在初始化HandlerMapping接口默认实现类的时候,会把上下文中所有HandlerMapping类型的Bean都注册在handlerMappings这个List变量中。如果你手工将其设置为false,那么将尝试获取名为handlerMapping的Bean,新建一个只有一个元素的List,将其赋给handlerMappings。如果经过上面的过程,handlerMappings变量仍为空,那么说明你没有在上下文中提供自己HandlerMapping类型的Bean定义。此时,SpringMVC将采用默认初始化策略来初始化handlerMappings。
/** * Create a List of default strategy objects for the given strategy interface. * <p>The default implementation uses the "DispatcherServlet.properties" file (in the same * package as the DispatcherServlet class) to determine the class names. It instantiates * the strategy objects through the context's BeanFactory. * @param context the current WebApplicationContext * @param strategyInterface the strategy interface * @return the List of corresponding strategy objects */ @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") protected <T> List<T> getDefaultStrategies(ApplicationContext context, Class<T> strategyInterface) { String key = strategyInterface.getName(); String value = defaultStrategies.getProperty(key); if (value != null) { String[] classNames = StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray(value); List<T> strategies = new ArrayList<T>(classNames.length); for (String className : classNames) { try { Class<?> clazz = ClassUtils.forName(className, DispatcherServlet.class.getClassLoader()); Object strategy = createDefaultStrategy(context, clazz); strategies.add((T) strategy); } catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) { throw new BeanInitializationException( "Could not find DispatcherServlet's default strategy class [" + className + "] for interface [" + key + "]", ex); } catch (LinkageError err) { throw new BeanInitializationException( "Error loading DispatcherServlet's default strategy class [" + className + "] for interface [" + key + "]: problem with class file or dependent class", err); } } return strategies; } else { return new LinkedList<T>(); } }
** * Name of the class path resource (relative to the DispatcherServlet class) * that defines DispatcherServlet's default strategy names. */ private static final String DEFAULT_STRATEGIES_PATH = "DispatcherServlet.properties"; /** Additional logger to use when no mapped handler is found for a request. */ protected static final Log pageNotFoundLogger = LogFactory.getLog(PAGE_NOT_FOUND_LOG_CATEGORY); private static final UrlPathHelper urlPathHelper = new UrlPathHelper(); private static final Properties defaultStrategies; static { // Load default strategy implementations from properties file. // This is currently strictly internal and not meant to be customized // by application developers. try { ClassPathResource resource = new ClassPathResource(DEFAULT_STRATEGIES_PATH, DispatcherServlet.class); defaultStrategies = PropertiesLoaderUtils.loadProperties(resource); } catch (IOException ex) { throw new IllegalStateException("Could not load 'DispatcherServlet.properties': " + ex.getMessage()); } }
通过上图我们简单的分析一下 protected <T> List<T> getDefaultStrategies(ApplicationContext context, Class<T> strategyInterface) 这个方法,也就是默认初始化策略。
这个泛型方法需要做的事情就是,通过DispatcherServlet.properties这个配置文件来初始化数据,而这个配置文件是在DispatcherServlet的静态代码块中完成加载的。
至此也就完成了对HandlerMapping初始化的过程。其他属性也基本一样。
回顾整个SpringMVC的初始化流程,我们看到,通过HttpServletBean、FrameworkServlet、DispatcherServlet三个不同的类层次,SpringMVC的设计者将三种不同的职责分别抽象,运用模版方法设计模式分别固定在三个类层次中。其中HttpServletBean完成的是<init-param>配置元素的依赖注入,FrameworkServlet完成的是容器上下文的建立,DispatcherServlet完成的是SpringMVC具体编程元素的初始化策略。