Web框架本质
众所周知,对于所有的Web应用,本质上其实就是一个socket服务端,用户的浏览器其实就是一个socket客户端。
上述通过socket来实现了其本质,而对于真实开发中的python web程序来说,一般会分为两部分:服务器程序和应用程序。服务器程序负责对socket服务器进行封装,并在请求到来时,对请求的各种数据进行整理。应用程序则负责具体的逻辑处理。为了方便应用程序的开发,就出现了众多的Web框架,例如:Django、Flask、web.py 等。不同的框架有不同的开发方式,但是无论如何,开发出的应用程序都要和服务器程序配合,才能为用户提供服务。这样,服务器程序就需要为不同的框架提供不同的支持。这样混乱的局面无论对于服务器还是框架,都是不好的。对服务器来说,需要支持各种不同框架,对框架来说,只有支持它的服务器才能被开发出的应用使用。这时候,标准化就变得尤为重要。我们可以设立一个标准,只要服务器程序支持这个标准,框架也支持这个标准,那么他们就可以配合使用。一旦标准确定,双方各自实现。这样,服务器可以支持更多支持标准的框架,框架也可以使用更多支持标准的服务器。
Python的WEB框架
Bottle
Bottle是一个快速、简洁、轻量级的基于WSIG的微型Web框架,此框架只由一个 .py 文件,除了Python的标准库外,其不依赖任何其他模块。
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pip install bottle
easy_install bottle
apt
-
get install python
-
bottle
wget http:
/
/
bottlepy.org
/
bottle.py
|
Bottle框架大致可以分为以下部分:
- 路由系统,将不同请求交由指定函数处理
- 模板系统,将模板中的特殊语法渲染成字符串,值得一说的是Bottle的模板引擎可以任意指定:Bottle内置模板、mako、jinja2、cheetah
- 公共组件,用于提供处理请求相关的信息,如:表单数据、cookies、请求头等
- 服务,Bottle默认支持多种基于WSGI的服务,如:
123456789101112131415161718192021server_names
=
{
'cgi'
: CGIServer,
'flup'
: FlupFCGIServer,
'wsgiref'
: WSGIRefServer,
'waitress'
: WaitressServer,
'cherrypy'
: CherryPyServer,
'paste'
: PasteServer,
'fapws3'
: FapwsServer,
'tornado'
: TornadoServer,
'gae'
: AppEngineServer,
'twisted'
: TwistedServer,
'diesel'
: DieselServer,
'meinheld'
: MeinheldServer,
'gunicorn'
: GunicornServer,
'eventlet'
: EventletServer,
'gevent'
: GeventServer,
'geventSocketIO'
:GeventSocketIOServer,
'rocket'
: RocketServer,
'bjoern'
: BjoernServer,
'auto'
: AutoServer,
}
框架的基本使用
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
bottle
import
template, Bottle
root
=
Bottle()
@root
.route(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
return
"Hello World"
# return template('<b>Hello {{name}}</b>!', name="Alex")
root.run(host
=
'localhost'
, port
=
8080
)
|
一、路由系统
路由系统是的url对应指定函数,当用户请求某个url时,就由指定函数处理当前请求,对于Bottle的路由系统可以分为一下几类:
- 静态路由
- 动态路由
- 请求方法路由
- 二级路由
1、静态路由
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@root
.route(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
return
template(
'<b>Hello {{name}}</b>!'
, name
=
"Alex"
)
|
2、动态路由
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@root
.route(
'/wiki/<pagename>'
)
def
callback(pagename):
...
@root
.route(
'/object/<id:int>'
)
def
callback(
id
):
...
@root
.route(
'/show/<name:re:[a-z]+>'
)
def
callback(name):
...
@root
.route(
'/static/<path:path>'
)
def
callback(path):
return
static_file(path, root
=
'static'
)
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3、请求方法路由
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@root
.route(
'/hello/'
, method
=
'POST'
)
def
index():
...
@root
.get(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
...
@root
.post(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
...
@root
.put(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
...
@root
.delete(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
...
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4、二级路由
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle app01 = Bottle() @app01.route('/hello/', method='GET') def index(): return template('<b>App01</b>!')
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle app02 = Bottle() @app02.route('/hello/', method='GET') def index(): return template('<b>App02</b>!')
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
bottle
import
template, Bottle
from
bottle
import
static_file
root
=
Bottle()
@root
.route(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
return
template(
'<b>Root {{name}}</b>!'
, name
=
"Alex"
)
from
framwork_bottle
import
app01
from
framwork_bottle
import
app02
root.mount(
'app01'
, app01.app01)
root.mount(
'app02'
, app02.app02)
root.run(host
=
'localhost'
, port
=
8080
)
|
二、模板系统
模板系统用于将Html和自定的值两者进行渲染,从而得到字符串,然后将该字符串返回给客户端。我们知道在Bottle中可以使用 内置模板系统、mako、jinja2、cheetah等,以内置模板系统为例:
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <h1>{{name}}</h1> </body> </html>
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
bottle
import
template, Bottle
root
=
Bottle()
@root
.route(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
# 默认情况下去目录:['./', './views/']中寻找模板文件 hello_template.html
# 配置在 bottle.TEMPLATE_PATH 中
return
template(
'hello_template.tpl'
, name
=
'alex'
)
root.run(host
=
'localhost'
, port
=
8080
)
|
1、语法
- 单值
- 单行Python代码
- Python代码快
- Python、Html混合
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<h1>
1
、单值<
/
h1>
{{name}}
<h1>
2
、单行Python代码<
/
h1>
%
s1
=
"hello"
<h1>
3
、Python代码块<
/
h1>
<
%
# A block of python code
name
=
name.title().strip()
if
name
=
=
"Alex"
:
name
=
"seven"
%
>
<h1>
4
、Python、Html混合<
/
h1>
%
if
True
:
<span>{{name}}<
/
span>
%
end
<ul>
%
for
item
in
name:
<li>{{item}}<
/
li>
%
end
<
/
ul>
|
2、函数
include(sub_template, **variables)
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# 导入其他模板文件
%
include(
'header.tpl'
, title
=
'Page Title'
)
Page Content
%
include(
'footer.tpl'
)
|
rebase(name, **variables)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
<html> <head> <title>{{title or 'No title'}}</title> </head> <body> {{!base}} </body> </html>
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# 导入母版
%
rebase(
'base.tpl'
, title
=
'Page Title'
)
<p>Page Content ...<
/
p>
|
defined(name)
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# 检查当前变量是否已经被定义,已定义True,未定义False
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get(name, default=None)
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# 获取某个变量的值,不存在时可设置默认值
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setdefault(name, default)
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# 如果变量不存在时,为变量设置默认值
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扩展:自定义函数
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <h1>自定义函数</h1> {{ wupeiqi() }} </body> </html>
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle,SimpleTemplate root = Bottle() def custom(): return '123123' @root.route('/hello/') def index(): # 默认情况下去目录:['./', './views/']中寻找模板文件 hello_template.html # 配置在 bottle.TEMPLATE_PATH 中 return template('hello_template.html', name='alex', wupeiqi=custom) root.run(host='localhost', port=8080)
注:变量或函数前添加 【 ! 】,则会关闭转义的功能
三、公共组件
由于Web框架就是用来【接收用户请求】-> 【处理用户请求】-> 【响应相关内容】,对于具体如何处理用户请求,开发人员根据用户请求来进行处理,而对于接收用户请求和相应相关的内容均交给框架本身来处理,其处理完成之后将产出交给开发人员和用户。
【接收用户请求】
当框架接收到用户请求之后,将请求信息封装在Bottle的request中,以供开发人员使用
【响应相关内容】
当开发人员的代码处理完用户请求之后,会将其执行内容相应给用户,相应的内容会封装在Bottle的response中,然后再由框架将内容返回给用户
所以,公共组件本质其实就是为开发人员提供接口,使其能够获取用户信息并配置响应内容。
1、request
Bottle中的request其实是一个LocalReqeust对象,其中封装了用户请求的相关信息:
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request.headers
请求头信息
request.query
get请求信息
request.forms
post请求信息
request.files
上传文件信息
request.params
get和post请求信息
request.GET
get请求信息
request.POST
post和上传信息
request.cookies
cookie信息
request.environ
环境相关相关
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2、response
Bottle中的request其实是一个LocalResponse对象,其中框架即将返回给用户的相关信息:
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response
response.status_line
状态行
response.status_code
状态码
response.headers
响应头
response.charset
编码
response.set_cookie
在浏览器上设置cookie
response.delete_cookie
在浏览器上删除cookie
|
实例:
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
from bottle import route, request @route('/login') def login(): return ''' <form action="/login" method="post"> Username: <input name="username" type="text" /> Password: <input name="password" type="password" /> <input value="Login" type="submit" /> </form> ''' @route('/login', method='POST') def do_login(): username = request.forms.get('username') password = request.forms.get('password') if check_login(username, password): return "<p>Your login information was correct.</p>" else: return "<p>Login failed.</p>"
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
<form action="/upload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data"> Category: <input type="text" name="category" /> Select a file: <input type="file" name="upload" /> <input type="submit" value="Start upload" /> </form> @route('/upload', method='POST') def do_upload(): category = request.forms.get('category') upload = request.files.get('upload') name, ext = os.path.splitext(upload.filename) if ext not in ('.png','.jpg','.jpeg'): return 'File extension not allowed.' save_path = get_save_path_for_category(category) upload.save(save_path) # appends upload.filename automatically return 'OK'
四、服务
对于Bottle框架其本身未实现类似于Tornado自己基于socket实现Web服务,所以必须依赖WSGI,默认Bottle已经实现并且支持的WSGI有:
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
server_names = { 'cgi': CGIServer, 'flup': FlupFCGIServer, 'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer, 'waitress': WaitressServer, 'cherrypy': CherryPyServer, 'paste': PasteServer, 'fapws3': FapwsServer, 'tornado': TornadoServer, 'gae': AppEngineServer, 'twisted': TwistedServer, 'diesel': DieselServer, 'meinheld': MeinheldServer, 'gunicorn': GunicornServer, 'eventlet': EventletServer, 'gevent': GeventServer, 'geventSocketIO':GeventSocketIOServer, 'rocket': RocketServer, 'bjoern' : BjoernServer, 'auto': AutoServer, }
使用时,只需在主app执行run方法时指定参数即可:
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
bottle
import
Bottle
root
=
Bottle()
@root
.route(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
return
"Hello World"
# 默认server ='wsgiref'
root.run(host
=
'localhost'
, port
=
8080
, server
=
'wsgiref'
)
|
默认server="wsgiref",即:使用Python内置模块wsgiref,如果想要使用其他时,则需要首先安装相关类库,然后才能使用。如:
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
# 如果使用Tornado的服务,则需要首先安装tornado才能使用 class TornadoServer(ServerAdapter): """ The super hyped asynchronous server by facebook. Untested. """ def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover # 导入Tornado相关模块 import tornado.wsgi, tornado.httpserver, tornado.ioloop container = tornado.wsgi.WSGIContainer(handler) server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(container) server.listen(port=self.port,address=self.host) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
PS:以上WSGI中提供了19种,如果想要使期支持其他服务,则需要扩展Bottle源码来自定义一个ServerAdapter
更多参见:http://www.bottlepy.org/docs/dev/index.html
Flask
Flask是一个基于Python开发并且依赖jinja2模板和Werkzeug WSGI服务的一个微型框架,对于Werkzeug本质是Socket服务端,其用于接收http请求并对请求进行预处理,然后触发Flask框架,开发人员基于Flask框架提供的功能对请求进行相应的处理,并返回给用户,如果要返回给用户复杂的内容时,需要借助jinja2模板来实现对模板的处理,即:将模板和数据进行渲染,将渲染后的字符串返回给用户浏览器。
“微”(micro) 并不表示你需要把整个 Web 应用塞进单个 Python 文件(虽然确实可以 ),也不意味着 Flask 在功能上有所欠缺。微框架中的“微”意味着 Flask 旨在保持核心简单而易于扩展。Flask 不会替你做出太多决策——比如使用何种数据库。而那些 Flask 所选择的——比如使用何种模板引擎——则很容易替换。除此之外的一切都由可由你掌握。如此,Flask 可以与您珠联璧合。
默认情况下,Flask 不包含数据库抽象层、表单验证,或是其它任何已有多种库可以胜任的功能。然而,Flask 支持用扩展来给应用添加这些功能,如同是 Flask 本身实现的一样。众多的扩展提供了数据库集成、表单验证、上传处理、各种各样的开放认证技术等功能。Flask 也许是“微小”的,但它已准备好在需求繁杂的生产环境中投入使用。
安装
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pip install Flask
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![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response @Request.application def hello(request): return Response('Hello World!') if __name__ == '__main__': from werkzeug.serving import run_simple run_simple('localhost', 4000, hello)
一、第一次
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from
flask
import
Flask
app
=
Flask(__name__)
@app
.route(
"/"
)
def
hello():
return
"Hello World!"
if
__name__
=
=
"__main__"
:
app.run()
|
二、路由系统
- @app.route('/user/<username>')
- @app.route('/post/<int:post_id>')
- @app.route('/post/<float:post_id>')
- @app.route('/post/<path:path>')
- @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
常用路由系统有以上五种,所有的路由系统都是基于一下对应关系来处理:
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DEFAULT_CONVERTERS
=
{
'default'
: UnicodeConverter,
'string'
: UnicodeConverter,
'any'
: AnyConverter,
'path'
: PathConverter,
'int'
: IntegerConverter,
'float'
: FloatConverter,
'uuid'
: UUIDConverter,
}
|
注:对于Flask默认不支持直接写正则表达式的路由,不过可以通过自定义来实现,见:https://segmentfault.com/q/1010000000125259
三、模板
1、模板的使用
Flask使用的是Jinja2模板,所以其语法和Django无差别
2、自定义模板方法
Flask中自定义模板方法的方式和Bottle相似,创建一个函数并通过参数的形式传入render_template,如:
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <h1>自定义函数</h1> {{ww()|safe}} </body> </html>
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
flask
import
Flask,render_template
app
=
Flask(__name__)
def
wupeiqi():
return
'<h1>Wupeiqi</h1>'
@app
.route(
'/login'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
login():
return
render_template(
'login.html'
, ww
=
wupeiqi)
app.run()
|
四、公共组件
1、请求
对于Http请求,Flask会讲请求信息封装在request中(werkzeug.wrappers.BaseRequest),提供的如下常用方法和字段以供使用:
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request.method
request.args
request.form
request.values
request.files
request.cookies
request.headers
request.path
request.full_path
request.script_root
request.url
request.base_url
request.url_root
request.host_url
request.host
|
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
@app.route('/login', methods=['POST', 'GET']) def login(): error = None if request.method == 'POST': if valid_login(request.form['username'], request.form['password']): return log_the_user_in(request.form['username']) else: error = 'Invalid username/password' # the code below is executed if the request method # was GET or the credentials were invalid return render_template('login.html', error=error)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
from flask import request from werkzeug import secure_filename @app.route('/upload', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def upload_file(): if request.method == 'POST': f = request.files['the_file'] f.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename)) ...
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
from flask import request @app.route('/setcookie/') def index(): username = request.cookies.get('username') # use cookies.get(key) instead of cookies[key] to not get a # KeyError if the cookie is missing. from flask import make_response @app.route('/getcookie') def index(): resp = make_response(render_template(...)) resp.set_cookie('username', 'the username') return resp
2、响应
当用户请求被开发人员的逻辑处理完成之后,会将结果发送给用户浏览器,那么就需要对请求做出相应的响应。
a.字符串
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@app
.route(
'/index/'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
index():
return
"index"
|
b.模板引擎
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from
flask
import
Flask,render_template,request
app
=
Flask(__name__)
@app
.route(
'/index/'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
index():
return
render_template(
"index.html"
)
app.run()
|
c.重定向
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
flask
import
Flask, redirect, url_for
app
=
Flask(__name__)
@app
.route(
'/index/'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
index():
# return redirect('/login/')
return
redirect(url_for(
'login'
))
@app
.route(
'/login/'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
login():
return
"LOGIN"
app.run()
|
d.错误页面
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
from flask import Flask, abort, render_template app = Flask(__name__) @app.route('/e1/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def index(): abort(404, 'Nothing') app.run()
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from
flask
import
Flask, abort, render_template
app
=
Flask(__name__)
@app
.route(
'/index/'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
index():
return
"OK"
@app
.errorhandler(
404
)
def
page_not_found(error):
return
render_template(
'page_not_found.html'
),
404
app.run()
|
e.设置相应信息
使用make_response可以对相应的内容进行操作
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from
flask
import
Flask, abort, render_template,make_response
app
=
Flask(__name__)
@app
.route(
'/index/'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
index():
response
=
make_response(render_template(
'index.html'
))
# response是flask.wrappers.Response类型
# response.delete_cookie
# response.set_cookie
# response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'
return
response
app.run()
|
3、Session
除请求对象之外,还有一个 session 对象。它允许你在不同请求间存储特定用户的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基础上实现的,并且对 Cookies 进行密钥签名要使用会话,你需要设置一个密钥。
-
设置:session['username'] = 'xxx'
- 删除:session.pop('username', None)
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from
flask
import
Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request
app
=
Flask(__name__)
@app
.route(
'/'
)
def
index():
if
'username'
in
session:
return
'Logged in as %s'
%
escape(session[
'username'
])
return
'You are not logged in'
@app
.route(
'/login'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
login():
if
request.method
=
=
'POST'
:
session[
'username'
]
=
request.form[
'username'
]
return
redirect(url_for(
'index'
))
return
'''
<form action="" method="post">
<p><input type=text name=username>
<p><input type=submit value=Login>
</form>
'''
@app
.route(
'/logout'
)
def
logout():
# remove the username from the session if it's there
session.pop(
'username'
,
None
)
return
redirect(url_for(
'index'
))
# set the secret key. keep this really secret:
app.secret_key
=
'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
|
4.message
message是一个基于Session实现的用于保存数据的集合,其特点是:使用一次就删除
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> {% with messages = get_flashed_messages() %} {% if messages %} <ul class=flashes> {% for message in messages %} <li>{{ message }}</li> {% endfor %} </ul> {% endif %} {% endwith %} </body> </html>
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from
flask
import
Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request
app
=
Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key
=
'some_secret'
@app
.route(
'/'
)
def
index1():
return
render_template(
'index.html'
)
@app
.route(
'/set'
)
def
index2():
v
=
request.args.get(
'p'
)
flash(v)
return
'ok'
if
__name__
=
=
"__main__"
:
app.run()
|
5.中间件
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from
flask
import
Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request
app
=
Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key
=
'some_secret'
@app
.route(
'/'
)
def
index1():
return
render_template(
'index.html'
)
@app
.route(
'/set'
)
def
index2():
v
=
request.args.get(
'p'
)
flash(v)
return
'ok'
class
MiddleWare:
def
__init__(
self
,wsgi_app):
self
.wsgi_app
=
wsgi_app
def
__call__(
self
,
*
args,
*
*
kwargs):
return
self
.wsgi_app(
*
args,
*
*
kwargs)
if
__name__
=
=
"__main__"
:
app.wsgi_app
=
MiddleWare(app.wsgi_app)
app.run(port
=
9999
)
|
Flask还有众多其他功能,更多参见:
http://docs.jinkan.org/docs/flask/
http://flask.pocoo.org/
Tornado
Tornado 是 FriendFeed 使用的可扩展的非阻塞式 web 服务器及其相关工具的开源版本。这个 Web 框架看起来有些像web.py 或者 Google 的 webapp,不过为了能有效利用非阻塞式服务器环境,这个 Web 框架还包含了一些相关的有用工具 和优化。
Tornado 和现在的主流 Web 服务器框架(包括大多数 Python 的框架)有着明显的区别:它是非阻塞式服务器,而且速度相当快。得利于其 非阻塞的方式和对 epoll 的运用,Tornado 每秒可以处理数以千计的连接,这意味着对于实时 Web 服务来说,Tornado 是一个理想的 Web 框架。我们开发这个 Web 服务器的主要目的就是为了处理 FriendFeed 的实时功能 ——在 FriendFeed 的应用里每一个活动用户都会保持着一个服务器连接。(关于如何扩容 服务器,以处理数以千计的客户端的连接的问题,请参阅 C10K problem。)
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pip install tornado
源码安装
https:
/
/
pypi.python.org
/
packages
/
source
/
t
/
tornado
/
tornado
-
4.3
.tar.gz
|
一、快速上手
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import
tornado.ioloop
import
tornado.web
class
MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def
get(
self
):
self
.write(
"Hello, world"
)
application
=
tornado.web.Application([
(r
"/index"
, MainHandler),
])
if
__name__
=
=
"__main__"
:
application.listen(
8888
)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
|
第一步:执行脚本,监听 8888 端口
第二步:浏览器客户端访问 /index --> http://127.0.0.1:8888/index
第三步:服务器接受请求,并交由对应的类处理该请求
第四步:类接受到请求之后,根据请求方式(post / get / delete ...)的不同调用并执行相应的方法
第五步:方法返回值的字符串内容发送浏览器
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web from tornado import httpclient from tornado.web import asynchronous from tornado import gen import uimodules as md import uimethods as mt class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): @asynchronous @gen.coroutine def get(self): print 'start get ' http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient() http.fetch("http://127.0.0.1:8008/post/", self.callback) self.write('end') def callback(self, response): print response.body settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'ui_methods': mt, 'ui_modules': md, } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8009) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
二、路由系统
路由系统其实就是 url 和 类 的对应关系,这里不同于其他框架,其他很多框架均是 url 对应 函数,Tornado中每个url对应的是一个类。
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import
tornado.ioloop
import
tornado.web
class
MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def
get(
self
):
self
.write(
"Hello, world"
)
class
StoryHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def
get(
self
, story_id):
self
.write(
"You requested the story "
+
story_id)
class
BuyHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def
get(
self
):
self
.write(
"buy.wupeiqi.com/index"
)
application
=
tornado.web.Application([
(r
"/index"
, MainHandler),
(r
"/story/([0-9]+)"
, StoryHandler),
])
application.add_handlers(
'buy.wupeiqi.com$'
, [
(r
'/index'
,BuyHandler),
])
if
__name__
=
=
"__main__"
:
application.listen(
80
)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
|
三、模板
Tornao中的模板语言和django中类似,模板引擎将模板文件载入内存,然后将数据嵌入其中,最终获取到一个完整的字符串,再将字符串返回给请求者。
Tornado 的模板支持“控制语句”和“表达语句”,控制语句是使用 {%
和 %}
包起来的 例如 {% if len(items) > 2 %}
。表达语句是使用 {{
和 }}
包起来的,例如 {{ items[0] }}
。
控制语句和对应的 Python 语句的格式基本完全相同。我们支持 if
、for
、while
和 try
,这些语句逻辑结束的位置需要用 {% end %}
做标记。还通过 extends
和 block
语句实现了模板继承。这些在 template
模块 的代码文档中有着详细的描述。
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <title>老男孩</title> <link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> {% block CSS %}{% end %} </head> <body> <div class="pg-header"> </div> {% block RenderBody %}{% end %} <script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script> {% block JavaScript %}{% end %} </body> </html>
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
{% extends 'layout.html'%} {% block CSS %} <link href="{{static_url("css/index.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> {% end %} {% block RenderBody %} <h1>Index</h1> <ul> {% for item in li %} <li>{{item}}</li> {% end %} </ul> {% end %} {% block JavaScript %} {% end %}
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import
tornado.ioloop
import
tornado.web
class
MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def
get(
self
):
self
.render(
'home/index.html'
)
settings
=
{
'template_path'
:
'template'
,
}
application
=
tornado.web.Application([
(r
"/index"
, MainHandler),
],
*
*
settings)
if
__name__
=
=
"__main__"
:
application.listen(
80
)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
|
在模板中默认提供了一些函数、字段、类以供模板使用:
escape
:tornado.escape.xhtml_escape
的別名xhtml_escape
:tornado.escape.xhtml_escape
的別名url_escape
:tornado.escape.url_escape
的別名json_encode
:tornado.escape.json_encode
的別名squeeze
:tornado.escape.squeeze
的別名linkify
:tornado.escape.linkify
的別名datetime
: Python 的datetime
模组handler
: 当前的RequestHandler
对象request
:handler.request
的別名current_user
:handler.current_user
的別名locale
:handler.locale
的別名_
:handler.locale.translate
的別名static_url
: forhandler.static_url
的別名xsrf_form_html
:handler.xsrf_form_html
的別名
Tornado默认提供的这些功能其实本质上就是 UIMethod 和 UIModule,我们也可以自定义从而实现类似于Django的simple_tag的功能:
1、定义
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
# uimethods.py def tab(self): return 'UIMethod'
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from tornado.web import UIModule from tornado import escape class custom(UIModule): def render(self, *args, **kwargs): return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>') #return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>')
2、注册
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web from tornado.escape import linkify import uimodules as md import uimethods as mt class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.render('index.html') settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'ui_methods': mt, 'ui_modules': md, } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8009) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
3、使用
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body> <h1>hello</h1> {% module custom(123) %} {{ tab() }} </body>
四、实用功能
1、静态文件
对于静态文件,可以配置静态文件的目录和前段使用时的前缀,并且Tornaodo还支持静态文件缓存。
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.render('home/index.html') settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(80) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body> <h1>hello</h1> </body> </html>
备注:静态文件缓存的实现
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
def get_content_version(cls, abspath): """Returns a version string for the resource at the given path. This class method may be overridden by subclasses. The default implementation is a hash of the file's contents. .. versionadded:: 3.1 """ data = cls.get_content(abspath) hasher = hashlib.md5() if isinstance(data, bytes): hasher.update(data) else: for chunk in data: hasher.update(chunk) return hasher.hexdigest()
2、csrf
Tornado中的夸张请求伪造和Django中的相似,跨站伪造请求(Cross-site request forgery)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
settings = { "xsrf_cookies": True, } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/", MainHandler), (r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
<form action="/new_message" method="post"> {{ xsrf_form_html() }} <input type="text" name="message"/> <input type="submit" value="Post"/> </form>
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
function getCookie(name) { var r = document.cookie.match("\\b" + name + "=([^;]*)\\b"); return r ? r[1] : undefined; } jQuery.postJSON = function(url, args, callback) { args._xsrf = getCookie("_xsrf"); $.ajax({url: url, data: $.param(args), dataType: "text", type: "POST", success: function(response) { callback(eval("(" + response + ")")); }}); };
注:Ajax使用时,本质上就是去获取本地的cookie,携带cookie再来发送请求
3、cookie
Tornado中可以对cookie进行操作,并且还可以对cookie进行签名以放置伪造。
a、基本操作
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): if not self.get_cookie("mycookie"): self.set_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue") self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!") else: self.write("Your cookie was set!")
b、签名
Cookie 很容易被恶意的客户端伪造。加入你想在 cookie 中保存当前登陆用户的 id 之类的信息,你需要对 cookie 作签名以防止伪造。Tornado 通过 set_secure_cookie 和 get_secure_cookie 方法直接支持了这种功能。 要使用这些方法,你需要在创建应用时提供一个密钥,名字为 cookie_secret。 你可以把它作为一个关键词参数传入应用的设置中:
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): if not self.get_secure_cookie("mycookie"): self.set_secure_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue") self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!") else: self.write("Your cookie was set!") application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/", MainHandler), ], cookie_secret="61oETzKXQAGaYdkL5gEmGeJJFuYh7EQnp2XdTP1o/Vo=")
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
def _create_signature_v1(secret, *parts): hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha1) for part in parts: hash.update(utf8(part)) return utf8(hash.hexdigest()) def _create_signature_v2(secret, s): hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha256) hash.update(utf8(s)) return utf8(hash.hexdigest())
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
def create_signed_value(secret, name, value, version=None, clock=None, key_version=None): if version is None: version = DEFAULT_SIGNED_VALUE_VERSION if clock is None: clock = time.time timestamp = utf8(str(int(clock()))) value = base64.b64encode(utf8(value)) if version == 1: signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, value, timestamp) value = b"|".join([value, timestamp, signature]) return value elif version == 2: # The v2 format consists of a version number and a series of # length-prefixed fields "%d:%s", the last of which is a # signature, all separated by pipes. All numbers are in # decimal format with no leading zeros. The signature is an # HMAC-SHA256 of the whole string up to that point, including # the final pipe. # # The fields are: # - format version (i.e. 2; no length prefix) # - key version (integer, default is 0) # - timestamp (integer seconds since epoch) # - name (not encoded; assumed to be ~alphanumeric) # - value (base64-encoded) # - signature (hex-encoded; no length prefix) def format_field(s): return utf8("%d:" % len(s)) + utf8(s) to_sign = b"|".join([ b"2", format_field(str(key_version or 0)), format_field(timestamp), format_field(name), format_field(value), b'']) if isinstance(secret, dict): assert key_version is not None, 'Key version must be set when sign key dict is used' assert version >= 2, 'Version must be at least 2 for key version support' secret = secret[key_version] signature = _create_signature_v2(secret, to_sign) return to_sign + signature else: raise ValueError("Unsupported version %d" % version)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
def _decode_signed_value_v1(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock): parts = utf8(value).split(b"|") if len(parts) != 3: return None signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, parts[0], parts[1]) if not _time_independent_equals(parts[2], signature): gen_log.warning("Invalid cookie signature %r", value) return None timestamp = int(parts[1]) if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400: gen_log.warning("Expired cookie %r", value) return None if timestamp > clock() + 31 * 86400: # _cookie_signature does not hash a delimiter between the # parts of the cookie, so an attacker could transfer trailing # digits from the payload to the timestamp without altering the # signature. For backwards compatibility, sanity-check timestamp # here instead of modifying _cookie_signature. gen_log.warning("Cookie timestamp in future; possible tampering %r", value) return None if parts[1].startswith(b"0"): gen_log.warning("Tampered cookie %r", value) return None try: return base64.b64decode(parts[0]) except Exception: return None def _decode_fields_v2(value): def _consume_field(s): length, _, rest = s.partition(b':') n = int(length) field_value = rest[:n] # In python 3, indexing bytes returns small integers; we must # use a slice to get a byte string as in python 2. if rest[n:n + 1] != b'|': raise ValueError("malformed v2 signed value field") rest = rest[n + 1:] return field_value, rest rest = value[2:] # remove version number key_version, rest = _consume_field(rest) timestamp, rest = _consume_field(rest) name_field, rest = _consume_field(rest) value_field, passed_sig = _consume_field(rest) return int(key_version), timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig def _decode_signed_value_v2(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock): try: key_version, timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig = _decode_fields_v2(value) except ValueError: return None signed_string = value[:-len(passed_sig)] if isinstance(secret, dict): try: secret = secret[key_version] except KeyError: return None expected_sig = _create_signature_v2(secret, signed_string) if not _time_independent_equals(passed_sig, expected_sig): return None if name_field != utf8(name): return None timestamp = int(timestamp) if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400: # The signature has expired. return None try: return base64.b64decode(value_field) except Exception: return None def get_signature_key_version(value): value = utf8(value) version = _get_version(value) if version < 2: return None try: key_version, _, _, _, _ = _decode_fields_v2(value) except ValueError: return None return key_version
签名Cookie的本质是:
写cookie过程:
- 将值进行base64加密
- 对除值以外的内容进行签名,哈希算法(无法逆向解析)
- 拼接 签名 + 加密值
读cookie过程:
- 读取 签名 + 加密值
- 对签名进行验证
- base64解密,获取值内容
注:许多API验证机制和安全cookie的实现机制相同。
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): login_user = self.get_secure_cookie("login_user", None) if login_user: self.write(login_user) else: self.redirect('/login') class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.current_user() self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''}) def post(self, *args, **kwargs): username = self.get_argument('name') password = self.get_argument('pwd') if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123': self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齐') self.redirect('/') else: self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用户名或密码错误'}) settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh' } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), (r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get_current_user(self): return self.get_secure_cookie("login_user") class MainHandler(BaseHandler): @tornado.web.authenticated def get(self): login_user = self.current_user self.write(login_user) class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.current_user() self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''}) def post(self, *args, **kwargs): username = self.get_argument('name') password = self.get_argument('pwd') if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123': self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齐') self.redirect('/') else: self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用户名或密码错误'}) settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh', 'login_url': '/login' } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), (r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
4、Ajax上传文件
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <input type="file" id="img" /> <input type="button" onclick="UploadFile();" /> <script> function UploadFile(){ var fileObj = document.getElementById("img").files[0]; var form = new FormData(); form.append("k1", "v1"); form.append("fff", fileObj); var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); xhr.open("post", '/index', true); xhr.send(form); } </script> </body> </html>
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render('index.html')
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
file_metas = self.request.files["fff"]
# print(file_metas)
for meta in file_metas:
file_name = meta['filename']
with open(file_name,'wb') as up:
up.write(meta['body'])
settings = {
'template_path': 'template',
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8000)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
var fileObj = $("#img")[0].files[0];
var form = new FormData();
form.append("k1", "v1");
form.append("fff", fileObj);
$.ajax({
type:'POST',
url: '/index',
data: form,
processData: false, // tell jQuery not to process the data
contentType: false, // tell jQuery not to set contentType
success: function(arg){
console.log(arg);
}
})
五、扩展功能
1、自定义Session
a.知识储备
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
class
Foo(
object
):
def
__getitem__(
self
, key):
print
'__getitem__'
,key
def
__setitem__(
self
, key, value):
print
'__setitem__'
,key,value
def
__delitem__(
self
, key):
print
'__delitem__'
,key
obj
=
Foo()
result
=
obj[
'k1'
]
#obj['k2'] = 'wupeiqi'
#del obj['k1']
|
b.session实现机制
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import
tornado.ioloop
import
tornado.web
from
hashlib
import
sha1
import
os, time
session_container
=
{}
create_session_id
=
lambda
: sha1(
'%s%s'
%
(os.urandom(
16
), time.time())).hexdigest()
class
Session(
object
):
session_id
=
"__sessionId__"
def
__init__(
self
, request):
session_value
=
request.get_cookie(Session.session_id)
if
not
session_value:
self
._id
=
create_session_id()
else
:
self
._id
=
session_value
request.set_cookie(Session.session_id,
self
._id)
def
__getitem__(
self
, key):
return
session_container[
self
._id][key]
def
__setitem__(
self
, key, value):
if
session_container.has_key(
self
._id):
session_container[
self
._id][key]
=
value
else
:
session_container[
self
._id]
=
{key: value}
def
__delitem__(
self
, key):
del
session_container[
self
._id][key]
class
BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def
initialize(
self
):
# my_session['k1']访问 __getitem__ 方法
self
.my_session
=
Session(
self
)
class
MainHandler(BaseHandler):
def
get(
self
):
print
self
.my_session[
'c_user'
]
print
self
.my_session[
'c_card'
]
self
.write(
'index'
)
class
LoginHandler(BaseHandler):
def
get(
self
):
self
.render(
'login.html'
,
*
*
{
'status'
: ''})
def
post(
self
,
*
args,
*
*
kwargs):
username
=
self
.get_argument(
'name'
)
password
=
self
.get_argument(
'pwd'
)
if
username
=
=
'wupeiqi'
and
password
=
=
'123'
:
self
.my_session[
'c_user'
]
=
'wupeiqi'
self
.my_session[
'c_card'
]
=
'12312312309823012'
self
.redirect(
'/index'
)
else
:
self
.render(
'login.html'
,
*
*
{
'status'
:
'用户名或密码错误'
})
settings
=
{
'template_path'
:
'template'
,
'static_path'
:
'static'
,
'static_url_prefix'
:
'/static/'
,
'cookie_secret'
:
'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh'
,
'login_url'
:
'/login'
}
application
=
tornado.web.Application([
(r
"/index"
, MainHandler),
(r
"/login"
, LoginHandler),
],
*
*
settings)
if
__name__
=
=
"__main__"
:
application.listen(
8888
)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
|
c. Session框架
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python #coding:utf-8 import sys import math from bisect import bisect if sys.version_info >= (2, 5): import hashlib md5_constructor = hashlib.md5 else: import md5 md5_constructor = md5.new class HashRing(object): """一致性哈希""" def __init__(self,nodes): '''初始化 nodes : 初始化的节点,其中包含节点已经节点对应的权重 默认每一个节点有32个虚拟节点 对于权重,通过多创建虚拟节点来实现 如:nodes = [ {'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1}, {'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2}, {'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}, ] ''' self.ring = dict() self._sorted_keys = [] self.total_weight = 0 self.__generate_circle(nodes) def __generate_circle(self,nodes): for node_info in nodes: self.total_weight += node_info.get('weight',1) for node_info in nodes: weight = node_info.get('weight',1) node = node_info.get('host',None) virtual_node_count = math.floor((32*len(nodes)*weight) / self.total_weight) for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)): key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) ) if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key): raise Exception('该节点已经存在.') self.ring[key] = node self._sorted_keys.append(key) def add_node(self,node): ''' 新建节点 node : 要添加的节点,格式为:{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1},其中第一个元素表示节点,第二个元素表示该节点的权重。 ''' node = node.get('host',None) if not node: raise Exception('节点的地址不能为空.') weight = node.get('weight',1) self.total_weight += weight nodes_count = len(self._sorted_keys) + 1 virtual_node_count = math.floor((32 * nodes_count * weight) / self.total_weight) for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)): key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) ) if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key): raise Exception('该节点已经存在.') self.ring[key] = node self._sorted_keys.append(key) def remove_node(self,node): ''' 移除节点 node : 要移除的节点 '127.0.0.1:8000' ''' for key,value in self.ring.items(): if value == node: del self.ring[key] self._sorted_keys.remove(key) def get_node(self,string_key): '''获取 string_key 所在的节点''' pos = self.get_node_pos(string_key) if pos is None: return None return self.ring[ self._sorted_keys[pos]].split(':') def get_node_pos(self,string_key): '''获取 string_key 所在的节点的索引''' if not self.ring: return None key = self.gen_key_thirty_two(string_key) nodes = self._sorted_keys pos = bisect(nodes, key) return pos def gen_key_thirty_two(self, key): m = md5_constructor() m.update(key) return long(m.hexdigest(), 16) def gen_key_sixteen(self,key): b_key = self.__hash_digest(key) return self.__hash_val(b_key, lambda x: x) def __hash_val(self, b_key, entry_fn): return (( b_key[entry_fn(3)] << 24)|(b_key[entry_fn(2)] << 16)|(b_key[entry_fn(1)] << 8)| b_key[entry_fn(0)] ) def __hash_digest(self, key): m = md5_constructor() m.update(key) return map(ord, m.digest()) """ nodes = [ {'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1}, {'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2}, {'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}, ] ring = HashRing(nodes) result = ring.get_node('98708798709870987098709879087') print result """
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
from hashlib import sha1 import os, time create_session_id = lambda: sha1('%s%s' % (os.urandom(16), time.time())).hexdigest() class Session(object): session_id = "__sessionId__" def __init__(self, request): session_value = request.get_cookie(Session.session_id) if not session_value: self._id = create_session_id() else: self._id = session_value request.set_cookie(Session.session_id, self._id) def __getitem__(self, key): # 根据 self._id ,在一致性哈西中找到其对应的服务器IP # 找到相对应的redis服务器,如: r = redis.StrictRedis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0) # 使用python redis api 链接 # 获取数据,即: # return self._redis.hget(self._id, name) def __setitem__(self, key, value): # 根据 self._id ,在一致性哈西中找到其对应的服务器IP # 使用python redis api 链接 # 设置session # self._redis.hset(self._id, name, value) def __delitem__(self, key): # 根据 self._id 找到相对应的redis服务器 # 使用python redis api 链接 # 删除,即: return self._redis.hdel(self._id, name)
2、自定义模型版定
模型绑定有两个主要功能:
- 自动生成html表单
- 用户输入验证
在之前学习的Django中为程序员提供了非常便捷的模型绑定功能,但是在Tornado中,一切需要自己动手!!!
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body> <h1>hello</h1> <form action="/index" method="post"> <p>hostname: <input type="text" name="host" /> </p> <p>ip: <input type="text" name="ip" /> </p> <p>port: <input type="text" name="port" /> </p> <p>phone: <input type="text" name="phone" /> </p> <input type="submit" /> </form> </body> </html>
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import
tornado.ioloop
import
tornado.web
from
hashlib
import
sha1
import
os, time
import
re
class
MainForm(
object
):
def
__init__(
self
):
self
.host
=
"(.*)"
self
.ip
=
"^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$"
self
.port
=
'(\d+)'
self
.phone
=
'^1[3|4|5|8][0-9]\d{8}$'
def
check_valid(
self
, request):
form_dict
=
self
.__dict__
for
key, regular
in
form_dict.items():
post_value
=
request.get_argument(key)
# 让提交的数据 和 定义的正则表达式进行匹配
ret
=
re.match(regular, post_value)
print
key,ret,post_value
class
MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def
get(
self
):
self
.render(
'index.html'
)
def
post(
self
,
*
args,
*
*
kwargs):
obj
=
MainForm()
result
=
obj.check_valid(
self
)
self
.write(
'ok'
)
settings
=
{
'template_path'
:
'template'
,
'static_path'
:
'static'
,
'static_url_prefix'
:
'/static/'
,
'cookie_secret'
:
'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh'
,
'login_url'
:
'/login'
}
application
=
tornado.web.Application([
(r
"/index"
, MainHandler),
],
*
*
settings)
if
__name__
=
=
"__main__"
:
application.listen(
8888
)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
|
由于请求的验证时,需要考虑是否可以为空以及正则表达式的复用,所以:
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/81178cc93a2a3bb5048d90d76e7ec935.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web import re class Field(object): def __init__(self, error_msg_dict, required): self.id_valid = False self.value = None self.error = None self.name = None self.error_msg = error_msg_dict self.required = required def match(self, name, value): self.name = name if not self.required: self.id_valid = True self.value = value else: if not value: if self.error_msg.get('required', None): self.error = self.error_msg['required'] else: self.error = "%s is required" % name else: ret = re.match(self.REGULAR, value) if ret: self.id_valid = True self.value = ret.group() else: if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] else: self.error = "%s is invalid" % name class IPField(Field): REGULAR = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$" def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): error_msg = {} # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'} if error_msg_dict: error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) super(IPField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) class IntegerField(Field): REGULAR = "^\d+$" def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): error_msg = {'required': '数字不能为空', 'valid': '数字格式错误'} if error_msg_dict: error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) super(IntegerField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) class CheckBoxField(Field): def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): error_msg = {} # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'} if error_msg_dict: error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) super(CheckBoxField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) def match(self, name, value): self.name = name if not self.required: self.id_valid = True self.value = value else: if not value: if self.error_msg.get('required', None): self.error = self.error_msg['required'] else: self.error = "%s is required" % name else: if isinstance(name, list): self.id_valid = True self.value = value else: if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] else: self.error = "%s is invalid" % name class FileField(Field): REGULAR = "^(\w+\.pdf)|(\w+\.mp3)|(\w+\.py)$" def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): error_msg = {} # {'required': '数字不能为空', 'valid': '数字格式错误'} if error_msg_dict: error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) super(FileField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) def match(self, name, value): self.name = name self.value = [] if not self.required: self.id_valid = True self.value = value else: if not value: if self.error_msg.get('required', None): self.error = self.error_msg['required'] else: self.error = "%s is required" % name else: m = re.compile(self.REGULAR) if isinstance(value, list): for file_name in value: r = m.match(file_name) if r: self.value.append(r.group()) self.id_valid = True else: self.id_valid = False if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] else: self.error = "%s is invalid" % name break else: if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] else: self.error = "%s is invalid" % name def save(self, request, upload_path=""): file_metas = request.files[self.name] for meta in file_metas: file_name = meta['filename'] with open(file_name,'wb') as up: up.write(meta['body']) class Form(object): def __init__(self): self.value_dict = {} self.error_dict = {} self.valid_status = True def validate(self, request, depth=10, pre_key=""): self.initialize() self.__valid(self, request, depth, pre_key) def initialize(self): pass def __valid(self, form_obj, request, depth, pre_key): """ 验证用户表单请求的数据 :param form_obj: Form对象(Form派生类的对象) :param request: Http请求上下文(用于从请求中获取用户提交的值) :param depth: 对Form内容的深度的支持 :param pre_key: Html中name属性值的前缀(多层Form时,内部递归时设置,无需理会) :return: 是否验证通过,True:验证成功;False:验证失败 """ depth -= 1 if depth < 0: return None form_field_dict = form_obj.__dict__ for key, field_obj in form_field_dict.items(): print key,field_obj if isinstance(field_obj, Form) or isinstance(field_obj, Field): if isinstance(field_obj, Form): # 获取以key开头的所有的值,以参数的形式传至 self.__valid(field_obj, request, depth, key) continue if pre_key: key = "%s.%s" % (pre_key, key) if isinstance(field_obj, CheckBoxField): post_value = request.get_arguments(key, None) elif isinstance(field_obj, FileField): post_value = [] file_list = request.request.files.get(key, None) for file_item in file_list: post_value.append(file_item['filename']) else: post_value = request.get_argument(key, None) print post_value # 让提交的数据 和 定义的正则表达式进行匹配 field_obj.match(key, post_value) if field_obj.id_valid: self.value_dict[key] = field_obj.value else: self.error_dict[key] = field_obj.error self.valid_status = False class ListForm(object): def __init__(self, form_type): self.form_type = form_type self.valid_status = True self.value_dict = {} self.error_dict = {} def validate(self, request): name_list = request.request.arguments.keys() + request.request.files.keys() index = 0 flag = False while True: pre_key = "[%d]" % index for name in name_list: if name.startswith(pre_key): flag = True break if flag: form_obj = self.form_type() form_obj.validate(request, depth=10, pre_key="[%d]" % index) if form_obj.valid_status: self.value_dict[index] = form_obj.value_dict else: self.error_dict[index] = form_obj.error_dict self.valid_status = False else: break index += 1 flag = False class MainForm(Form): def __init__(self): # self.ip = IPField(required=True) # self.port = IntegerField(required=True) # self.new_ip = IPField(required=True) # self.second = SecondForm() self.fff = FileField(required=True) super(MainForm, self).__init__() # # class SecondForm(Form): # # def __init__(self): # self.ip = IPField(required=True) # self.new_ip = IPField(required=True) # # super(SecondForm, self).__init__() class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.render('index.html') def post(self, *args, **kwargs): # for i in dir(self.request): # print i # print self.request.arguments # print self.request.files # print self.request.query # name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys() # print name_list # list_form = ListForm(MainForm) # list_form.validate(self) # # print list_form.valid_status # print list_form.value_dict # print list_form.error_dict # obj = MainForm() # obj.validate(self) # # print "验证结果:", obj.valid_status # print "符合验证结果:", obj.value_dict # print "错误信息:" # for key, item in obj.error_dict.items(): # print key,item # print self.get_arguments('favor'),type(self.get_arguments('favor')) # print self.get_argument('favor'),type(self.get_argument('favor')) # print type(self.get_argument('fff')),self.get_argument('fff') # print self.request.files # obj = MainForm() # obj.validate(self) # print obj.valid_status # print obj.value_dict # print obj.error_dict # print self.request,type(self.request) # obj.fff.save(self.request) # from tornado.httputil import HTTPServerRequest # name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys() # print name_list # print self.request.files,type(self.request.files) # print len(self.request.files.get('fff')) # obj = MainForm() # obj.validate(self) # print obj.valid_status # print obj.value_dict # print obj.error_dict # obj.fff.save(self.request) self.write('ok') settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh', 'login_url': '/login' } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
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