四十五

H2数据库简介
什么是H2数据库呢？

H2是一个Java SQL database，它是一个开源的数据库，运行起来非常快。

H2流行的原因是它既可以当做一个独立的服务器，也可以以一个嵌套的服务运行，并且支持纯内存形式运行。

H2的jar包非常小，只有2M大小，所以非常适合做嵌套式数据库。

如果作为嵌入式数据库，则需要将h2*.jar添加到classpath中。

下面是一个简单的建立H2连接的代码：

import java.sql.*;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] a)
throws Exception {
Connection conn = DriverManager.
getConnection(“jdbc:h2:~/test”, “sa”, “”);
// add application code here
conn.close();
}
}
如果给定地址的数据库并不存在，

同时H2还提供了一个简单的管理界面，使用下面的命令就可以启动H2管理界面：

java -jar h2*.jar
默认情况下访问http://localhost:8082就可以访问到管理界面：

r2dbc-h2
r2dbc-h2是r2dbc spi的一种实现。同样的使用r2dbc-h2也提供了两种h2的模式，一种是文件系统，一种是内存。

同时还提供了事务支持，prepared statements和batch statements等特性的支持。

r2dbc-h2的Maven依赖
要想使用r2dbc-h2，我们需要添加如下依赖：

io.r2dbc r2dbc-h2 ${version} 如果你体验snapshot版本，可以添加下面的依赖： io.r2dbc r2dbc-h2 ${version}.BUILD-SNAPSHOT spring-libs-snapshot Spring Snapshot Repository https://repo.spring.io/libs-snapshot 建立连接 h2有两种连接方式，file和内存，我们分别看一下都是怎么建立连接的：

ConnectionFactory connectionFactory = ConnectionFactories.get(“r2dbc:h2:mem:///testdb”);

Publisher<? extends Connection> connectionPublisher = connectionFactory.create();
ConnectionFactory connectionFactory = ConnectionFactories.get(“r2dbc:h2:file//my/relative/path”);

Publisher<? extends Connection> connectionPublisher = connectionFactory.create();
我们还可以通过ConnectionFactoryOptions来创建更加详细的连接信息：

ConnectionFactoryOptions options = builder()
.option(DRIVER, “h2”)
.option(PROTOCOL, “…”) // file, mem
.option(HOST, “…”)
.option(USER, “…”)
.option(PASSWORD, “…”)
.option(DATABASE, “…”)
.build();

ConnectionFactory connectionFactory = ConnectionFactories.get(options);

Publisher<? extends Connection> connectionPublisher = connectionFactory.create();

// Alternative: Creating a Mono using Project Reactor
Mono connectionMono = Mono.from(connectionFactory.create());
上面的例子中，我们使用到了driver,protocol, host,username,password和database这几个选项，除此之外H2ConnectionOption中定义了其他可以使用的Option：

public enum H2ConnectionOption {

/**
 * FILE|SOCKET|NO
 */
FILE_LOCK,

/**
 * TRUE|FALSE
 */
IFEXISTS,

/**
 * Seconds to stay open or {@literal -1} to to keep in-memory DB open as long as the virtual machine is alive.
 */
DB_CLOSE_DELAY,

/**
 * TRUE|FALSE
 */
DB_CLOSE_ON_EXIT,

/**
 * DML or DDL commands on startup, use "\\;" to chain multiple commands
 */
INIT,

/**
 * 0..3 (0=OFF, 1=ERROR, 2=INFO, 3=DEBUG)
 */
TRACE_LEVEL_FILE,

/**
 *  Megabytes (to override the 16mb default, e.g. 64)
 */
TRACE_MAX_FILE_SIZE,

/**
 * 0..3 (0=OFF, 1=ERROR, 2=INFO, 3=DEBUG)
 */
TRACE_LEVEL_SYSTEM_OUT,

LOG,

/**
 * TRUE|FALSE
 */
IGNORE_UNKNOWN_SETTINGS,

/**
 * r|rw|rws|rwd (r=read, rw=read/write)
 */
ACCESS_MODE_DATA,

/**
 * DB2|Derby|HSQLDB|MSSQLServer|MySQL|Oracle|PostgreSQL|Ignite
 */
MODE,

/**
 *  TRUE|FALSE
 */
AUTO_SERVER,

/**
 * A port number
 */
AUTO_SERVER_PORT,

/**
 * Bytes (e.g. 512)
 */
PAGE_SIZE,

/**
 * Number of threads (e.g. 4)
 */
MULTI_THREADED,

/**
 * TQ|SOFT_LRU
 */
CACHE_TYPE,

/**
 * TRUE|FALSE
 */
PASSWORD_HASH;

}
当然还有最直接的database选项：

r2dbc:h2:file//…/relative/file/name
r2dbc:h2:file///absolute/file/name
r2dbc:h2:mem:///testdb
我们还可以通过H2特有的代码H2ConnectionFactory来创建：

H2ConnectionFactory connectionFactory = new H2ConnectionFactory(H2ConnectionConfiguration.builder()
.inMemory("…")
.option(H2ConnectionOption.DB_CLOSE_DELAY, “-1”)
.build());

Mono connection = connectionFactory.create();
CloseableConnectionFactory connectionFactory = H2ConnectionFactory.inMemory(“testdb”);

Mono connection = connectionFactory.create();
参数绑定
在使用prepare statement的时候，我们需要进行参数绑定：

connection
.createStatement(“INSERT INTO person (id, first_name, last_name) VALUES ($1, $2, $3)”)
.bind("$1", 1)
.bind("$2", “Walter”)
.bind("$3","White").execute()除了$符号绑定之外，还支持index绑定，如下所示：

Statement statement = connection.createStatement(“SELECT title FROM books WHERE author = $1 and publisher = $2”);
statement.bind(0, “John Doe”);
statement.bind(1, “Happy Books LLC”);
批处理
我们来看下r2dbc-h2是怎么来进行批处理的：

Batch batch = connection.createBatch();
Publisher<? extends Result> publisher = batch.add(“SELECT title, author FROM books”)
.add(“INSERT INTO books VALUES(‘John Doe’, ‘HappyBooks LLC’)”)
.execute();
事务和Savepoint
r2dbc还支持事务和savepoint,我们可以在事务中rollback到特定的savepoint。具体的代码如下：

Publisher begin = connection.beginTransaction();

Publisher insert1 = connection.createStatement(“INSERT INTO books VALUES (‘John Doe’)”).execute();

Publisher savepoint = connection.createSavepoint(“savepoint”);

Publisher insert2 = connection.createStatement(“INSERT INTO books VALUES (‘Jane Doe’)”).execute();

Publisher partialRollback = connection.rollbackTransactionToSavepoint(“savepoint”);

Publisher commit = connection.commit();