为什么C预处理程序将单词“ linux”解释为常量“ 1”？

本文翻译自：Why does the C preprocessor interpret the word “linux” as the constant “1”?

Why does the C preprocessor in GCC interpret the word linux (small letters) as the constant 1 ? 为什么GCC中的C预处理器将linux （小写字母）一词解释为常量1 ？

test.c: test.c的：

#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{       
    int linux = 5;
    return 0;
}

Result of $ gcc -E test.c (stop after the preprocessing stage): $ gcc -E test.c结果（在预处理阶段之后停止）：

....
int main(void)
{
    int 1 = 5;
    return 0;
}

Which -of course- yields an error. 当然，这会产生错误。

(BTW: There is no #define linux in the stdio.h file.) （顺便说一句：stdio.h文件中没有#define linux 。）

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#1楼

参考：https://stackoom.com/question/1Ibdn/为什么C预处理程序将单词-linux-解释为常量

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#2楼

Because linux is a built-in macro defined when the compiler is running on, or compiling for (if it is a cross-compiler), Linux. 因为linux是在编译器在linux上运行或为其编译（如果是交叉编译器）时定义的内置宏。

There are a lot of such predefined macros. 有很多这样的预定义宏。 With GCC, you can use: 使用GCC，您可以使用：

cp /dev/null emptyfile.c
gcc -E -dM emptyfile.c

to get a list of macros. 获取宏列表。 (I've not managed to persuade GCC to accept /dev/null directly, but the empty file seems to work OK.) With GCC 4.8.1 running on Mac OS X 10.8.5, I got the output: （我没有说服GCC直接接受/dev/null ，但是空文件似乎可以正常工作。）在Mac OS X 10.8.5上运行GCC 4.8.1的情况下，我得到了输出：

#define __DBL_MIN_EXP__ (-1021)
#define __UINT_LEAST16_MAX__ 65535
#define __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE 2
#define __FLT_MIN__ 1.17549435082228750797e-38F
#define __UINT_LEAST8_TYPE__ unsigned char
#define __INTMAX_C(c) c ## L
#define __CHAR_BIT__ 8
#define __UINT8_MAX__ 255
#define __WINT_MAX__ 2147483647
#define __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__ 1234
#define __SIZE_MAX__ 18446744073709551615UL
#define __WCHAR_MAX__ 2147483647
#define __GCC_HAVE_SYNC_COMPARE_AND_SWAP_1 1
#define __GCC_HAVE_SYNC_COMPARE_AND_SWAP_2 1
#define __GCC_HAVE_SYNC_COMPARE_AND_SWAP_4 1
#define __DBL_DENORM_MIN__ ((double)4.94065645841246544177e-324L)
#define __GCC_HAVE_SYNC_COMPARE_AND_SWAP_8 1
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_CHAR_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __FLT_EVAL_METHOD__ 0
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_CHAR32_T_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __x86_64 1
#define __UINT_FAST64_MAX__ 18446744073709551615ULL
#define __SIG_ATOMIC_TYPE__ int
#define __DBL_MIN_10_EXP__ (-307)
#define __FINITE_MATH_ONLY__ 0
#define __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__ 1
#define __UINT_FAST8_MAX__ 255
#define __DEC64_MAX_EXP__ 385
#define __INT8_C(c) c
#define __UINT_LEAST64_MAX__ 18446744073709551615ULL
#define __SHRT_MAX__ 32767
#define __LDBL_MAX__ 1.18973149535723176502e+4932L
#define __UINT_LEAST8_MAX__ 255
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_BOOL_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __APPLE_CC__ 1
#define __UINTMAX_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __DEC32_EPSILON__ 1E-6DF
#define __UINT32_MAX__ 4294967295U
#define __LDBL_MAX_EXP__ 16384
#define __WINT_MIN__ (-__WINT_MAX__ - 1)
#define __SCHAR_MAX__ 127
#define __WCHAR_MIN__ (-__WCHAR_MAX__ - 1)
#define __INT64_C(c) c ## LL
#define __DBL_DIG__ 15
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_POINTER_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __SIZEOF_INT__ 4
#define __SIZEOF_POINTER__ 8
#define __USER_LABEL_PREFIX__ _
#define __STDC_HOSTED__ 1
#define __LDBL_HAS_INFINITY__ 1
#define __FLT_EPSILON__ 1.19209289550781250000e-7F
#define __LDBL_MIN__ 3.36210314311209350626e-4932L
#define __DEC32_MAX__ 9.999999E96DF
#define __strong 
#define __INT32_MAX__ 2147483647
#define __SIZEOF_LONG__ 8
#define __APPLE__ 1
#define __UINT16_C(c) c
#define __DECIMAL_DIG__ 21
#define __LDBL_HAS_QUIET_NAN__ 1
#define __DYNAMIC__ 1
#define __GNUC__ 4
#define __MMX__ 1
#define __FLT_HAS_DENORM__ 1
#define __SIZEOF_LONG_DOUBLE__ 16
#define __BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT__ 16
#define __DBL_MAX__ ((double)1.79769313486231570815e+308L)
#define __INT_FAST32_MAX__ 2147483647
#define __DBL_HAS_INFINITY__ 1
#define __DEC32_MIN_EXP__ (-94)
#define __INT_FAST16_TYPE__ short int
#define __LDBL_HAS_DENORM__ 1
#define __DEC128_MAX__ 9.999999999999999999999999999999999E6144DL
#define __INT_LEAST32_MAX__ 2147483647
#define __DEC32_MIN__ 1E-95DF
#define __weak 
#define __DBL_MAX_EXP__ 1024
#define __DEC128_EPSILON__ 1E-33DL
#define __SSE2_MATH__ 1
#define __ATOMIC_HLE_RELEASE 131072
#define __PTRDIFF_MAX__ 9223372036854775807L
#define __amd64 1
#define __tune_core2__ 1
#define __ATOMIC_HLE_ACQUIRE 65536
#define __LONG_LONG_MAX__ 9223372036854775807LL
#define __SIZEOF_SIZE_T__ 8
#define __SIZEOF_WINT_T__ 4
#define __GXX_ABI_VERSION 1002
#define __FLT_MIN_EXP__ (-125)
#define __INT_FAST64_TYPE__ long long int
#define __DBL_MIN__ ((double)2.22507385850720138309e-308L)
#define __LP64__ 1
#define __DEC128_MIN__ 1E-6143DL
#define __REGISTER_PREFIX__ 
#define __UINT16_MAX__ 65535
#define __DBL_HAS_DENORM__ 1
#define __UINT8_TYPE__ unsigned char
#define __NO_INLINE__ 1
#define __FLT_MANT_DIG__ 24
#define __VERSION__ "4.8.1"
#define __UINT64_C(c) c ## ULL
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __FLOAT_WORD_ORDER__ __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
#define __INT32_C(c) c
#define __DEC64_EPSILON__ 1E-15DD
#define __ORDER_PDP_ENDIAN__ 3412
#define __DEC128_MIN_EXP__ (-6142)
#define __INT_FAST32_TYPE__ int
#define __UINT_LEAST16_TYPE__ short unsigned int
#define __INT16_MAX__ 32767
#define __ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ 1080
#define __SIZE_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __UINT64_MAX__ 18446744073709551615ULL
#define __INT8_TYPE__ signed char
#define __FLT_RADIX__ 2
#define __INT_LEAST16_TYPE__ short int
#define __LDBL_EPSILON__ 1.08420217248550443401e-19L
#define __UINTMAX_C(c) c ## UL
#define __SSE_MATH__ 1
#define __k8 1
#define __SIG_ATOMIC_MAX__ 2147483647
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_WCHAR_T_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __SIZEOF_PTRDIFF_T__ 8
#define __x86_64__ 1
#define __DEC32_SUBNORMAL_MIN__ 0.000001E-95DF
#define __INT_FAST16_MAX__ 32767
#define __UINT_FAST32_MAX__ 4294967295U
#define __UINT_LEAST64_TYPE__ long long unsigned int
#define __FLT_HAS_QUIET_NAN__ 1
#define __FLT_MAX_10_EXP__ 38
#define __LONG_MAX__ 9223372036854775807L
#define __DEC128_SUBNORMAL_MIN__ 0.000000000000000000000000000000001E-6143DL
#define __FLT_HAS_INFINITY__ 1
#define __UINT_FAST16_TYPE__ short unsigned int
#define __DEC64_MAX__ 9.999999999999999E384DD
#define __CHAR16_TYPE__ short unsigned int
#define __PRAGMA_REDEFINE_EXTNAME 1
#define __INT_LEAST16_MAX__ 32767
#define __DEC64_MANT_DIG__ 16
#define __INT64_MAX__ 9223372036854775807LL
#define __UINT_LEAST32_MAX__ 4294967295U
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_LONG_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __INT_LEAST64_TYPE__ long long int
#define __INT16_TYPE__ short int
#define __INT_LEAST8_TYPE__ signed char
#define __DEC32_MAX_EXP__ 97
#define __INT_FAST8_MAX__ 127
#define __INTPTR_MAX__ 9223372036854775807L
#define __LITTLE_ENDIAN__ 1
#define __SSE2__ 1
#define __LDBL_MANT_DIG__ 64
#define __CONSTANT_CFSTRINGS__ 1
#define __DBL_HAS_QUIET_NAN__ 1
#define __SIG_ATOMIC_MIN__ (-__SIG_ATOMIC_MAX__ - 1)
#define __code_model_small__ 1
#define __k8__ 1
#define __INTPTR_TYPE__ long int
#define __UINT16_TYPE__ short unsigned int
#define __WCHAR_TYPE__ int
#define __SIZEOF_FLOAT__ 4
#define __pic__ 2
#define __UINTPTR_MAX__ 18446744073709551615UL
#define __DEC64_MIN_EXP__ (-382)
#define __INT_FAST64_MAX__ 9223372036854775807LL
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_TEST_AND_SET_TRUEVAL 1
#define __FLT_DIG__ 6
#define __UINT_FAST64_TYPE__ long long unsigned int
#define __INT_MAX__ 2147483647
#define __MACH__ 1
#define __amd64__ 1
#define __INT64_TYPE__ long long int
#define __FLT_MAX_EXP__ 128
#define __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__ 4321
#define __DBL_MANT_DIG__ 53
#define __INT_LEAST64_MAX__ 9223372036854775807LL
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_CHAR16_T_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __DEC64_MIN__ 1E-383DD
#define __WINT_TYPE__ int
#define __UINT_LEAST32_TYPE__ unsigned int
#define __SIZEOF_SHORT__ 2
#define __SSE__ 1
#define __LDBL_MIN_EXP__ (-16381)
#define __INT_LEAST8_MAX__ 127
#define __SIZEOF_INT128__ 16
#define __LDBL_MAX_10_EXP__ 4932
#define __ATOMIC_RELAXED 0
#define __DBL_EPSILON__ ((double)2.22044604925031308085e-16L)
#define _LP64 1
#define __UINT8_C(c) c
#define __INT_LEAST32_TYPE__ int
#define __SIZEOF_WCHAR_T__ 4
#define __UINT64_TYPE__ long long unsigned int
#define __INT_FAST8_TYPE__ signed char
#define __DBL_DECIMAL_DIG__ 17
#define __FXSR__ 1
#define __DEC_EVAL_METHOD__ 2
#define __UINT32_C(c) c ## U
#define __INTMAX_MAX__ 9223372036854775807L
#define __BYTE_ORDER__ __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
#define __FLT_DENORM_MIN__ 1.40129846432481707092e-45F
#define __INT8_MAX__ 127
#define __PIC__ 2
#define __UINT_FAST32_TYPE__ unsigned int
#define __CHAR32_TYPE__ unsigned int
#define __FLT_MAX__ 3.40282346638528859812e+38F
#define __INT32_TYPE__ int
#define __SIZEOF_DOUBLE__ 8
#define __FLT_MIN_10_EXP__ (-37)
#define __INTMAX_TYPE__ long int
#define __DEC128_MAX_EXP__ 6145
#define __ATOMIC_CONSUME 1
#define __GNUC_MINOR__ 8
#define __UINTMAX_MAX__ 18446744073709551615UL
#define __DEC32_MANT_DIG__ 7
#define __DBL_MAX_10_EXP__ 308
#define __LDBL_DENORM_MIN__ 3.64519953188247460253e-4951L
#define __INT16_C(c) c
#define __STDC__ 1
#define __PTRDIFF_TYPE__ long int
#define __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST 5
#define __UINT32_TYPE__ unsigned int
#define __UINTPTR_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __DEC64_SUBNORMAL_MIN__ 0.000000000000001E-383DD
#define __DEC128_MANT_DIG__ 34
#define __LDBL_MIN_10_EXP__ (-4931)
#define __SIZEOF_LONG_LONG__ 8
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_LLONG_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __LDBL_DIG__ 18
#define __FLT_DECIMAL_DIG__ 9
#define __UINT_FAST16_MAX__ 65535
#define __GNUC_GNU_INLINE__ 1
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_SHORT_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __SSE3__ 1
#define __UINT_FAST8_TYPE__ unsigned char
#define __ATOMIC_ACQ_REL 4
#define __ATOMIC_RELEASE 3

That's 236 macros from an empty file. 这是一个空文件中的236个宏。 When I added #include <stdio.h> to the file, the number of macros defined went up to 505. These includes all sorts of platform-identifying macros. 当我在文件中添加#include <stdio.h> ，定义的宏数量增加到505。这些宏包括各种平台识别宏。

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#3楼

This appears to be an (undocumented) "GNU extension": [ correction : I finally found a mention in the docs. 这似乎是一个（未记录的）“ GNU扩展”：[ 更正 ：我终于在文档中找到了提及。 See below.] 见下文。]

The following command uses the -dM option to print all preprocessor defines; 以下命令使用-dM选项来打印所有预处理程序定义。 since the input "file" is empty, it shows exactly the predefined macros. 由于输入的“文件”为空，因此它准确显示了预定义的宏。 It was run with gcc-4.7.3 on a standard ubuntu install. 它是在标准ubuntu安装上与gcc-4.7.3一起运行的。 You can see that the preprocessor is standard-aware. 您可以看到预处理器是标准感知的。 In total, there 243 macros with -std=gnu99 and 240 with -std=c99 ; 总共有243个带有-std=gnu99宏和240个带有-std=c99宏； I filtered the output for relevance. 我过滤了相关性的输出。

$ cpp --std=c89 -dM < /dev/null | grep linux
#define __linux 1
#define __linux__ 1
#define __gnu_linux__ 1

$ cpp --std=gnu89 -dM < /dev/null | grep linux
#define __linux 1
#define __linux__ 1
#define __gnu_linux__ 1
#define linux 1

$ cpp --std=c99 -dM < /dev/null | grep linux
#define __linux 1
#define __linux__ 1
#define __gnu_linux__ 1

$ cpp --std=gnu99 -dM < /dev/null | grep linux
#define __linux 1
#define __linux__ 1
#define __gnu_linux__ 1
#define linux 1

The "gnu standard" versions also #define unix . “ gnu标准”版本还#define unix 。 (Using c11 and gnu11 produces the same results.) （使用c11和gnu11会产生相同的结果。）

I suppose they had their reasons, but it seems to me to make the default installation of gcc (which compiles C code with -std=gnu89 unless otherwise specified) non-conformant, and -- as in this question -- surprising. 我想它们是有其原因的，但是在我看来，gcc的默认安装（除非另有说明，否则将使用-std=gnu89编译C代码）不符合要求，并且-在此问题中-令人惊讶。 Polluting the global namespace with macros whose names don't begin with an underscore is not permitted in a conformant implementation. 在一致的实现中，不允许使用名称不以下划线开头的宏来污染全局名称空间。 (6.8.10p2: "Any other predefined macro names shall begin with a leading underscore followed by an uppercase letter or a second underscore," but, as mentioned in Appendix J.5 (portability issues), such names are often predefined.) （6.8.10p2：“任何其他预定义的宏名称都应以前导下划线开头，后跟大写字母或第二个下划线”，但是，如附录J.5（可移植性问题）所述，此类名称通常是预定义的。）

When I originally wrote this answer, I wasn't able to find any documentation in gcc about this issue, but I did finally discover it, not in C implementation-defined behaviour nor in C extensions but in the cpp manual section 3.7.3 , where it notes that: 当我最初写这个答案时，我无法在gcc中找到有关此问题的任何文档，但是我终于找到了它，不是在C实现定义的行为中，也不在C扩展中，而是在cpp手册第3.7.3节中找到了它。它指出：

We are slowly phasing out all predefined macros which are outside the reserved namespace. 我们正在逐步淘汰保留名称空间之外的所有预定义宏。 You should never use them in new programs… 您永远不要在新程序中使用它们…

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#4楼

From info gcc (emphasis mine): 从info gcc （重点是我的）：

-ansi

In C mode, this is equivalent to -std=c90 . 在C模式下，这等效于-std=c90 。 In C++ mode, it is equivalent to -std=c++98 . 在C ++模式下，它等效于-std=c++98 。 This turns off certain features of GCC that are incompatible with ISO C90 (when compiling C code), or of standard C++ (when compiling C++ code), such as the asm and typeof keywords, and predefined macros such as 'unix' and 'vax' that identify the type of system you are using. 这会关闭GCC的某些与ISO C90（在编译C代码时）或标准C ++（在编译C ++代码时）不兼容的功能，例如asm和typeof关键字， 以及预定义的宏（例如“ unix”和“ vax”） '标识您使用的系统类型。 It also enables the undesirable and rarely used ISO trigraph feature. 它还启用了不受欢迎且很少使用的ISO三部曲功能。 For the C compiler, it disables recognition of C++ style // comments as well as the inline keyword. 对于C编译器，它将禁用对C ++样式//注释以及inline关键字的识别。

(It uses vax in the example instead of linux because when it was written maybe it was more popular ;-). （它在示例中使用vax而不是linux，因为在编写时可能更受欢迎；-)。

The basic idea is that GCC only tries to fully comply with the ISO standards when it is invoked with the -ansi option. 基本思想是，当使用-ansi选项调用GCC时，GCC仅尝试完全符合ISO标准。

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#5楼

In the Old Days (pre-ANSI), predefining symbols such as unix and vax was a way to allow code to detect at compile time what system it was being compiled for. 在旧时代（pre-ANSI）中，预定义符号（例如unix和vax是一种允许代码在编译时检测其针对哪个系统进行编译的方法。 There was no official language standard back then (beyond the reference material at the back of the first edition of K&R), and C code of any complexity was typically a complex maze of #ifdef s to allow for differences between systems. 当时没有正式的语言标准（除了K＆R第一版后面的参考资料之外），任何复杂的C代码通常都是#ifdef的复杂迷宫，以允许系统之间存在差异。 These macro definitions were generally set by the compiler itself, not defined in a library header file. 这些宏定义通常由编译器本身设置，而不是在库头文件中定义。 Since there were no real rules about which identifiers could be used by the implementation and which were reserved for programmers, compiler writers felt free to use simple names like unix and assumed that programmers would simply avoid using those names for their own purposes. 由于对于实现中可以使用哪些标识符以及哪些标识符保留给程序员没有真正的规则，因此编译器编写者可以随意使用诸如unix类的简单名称，并假定程序员会简单地避免将这些名称用于自己的目的。

The 1989 ANSI C standard introduced rules restricting what symbols an implementation could legally predefine. 1989年的ANSI C标准引入了一些规则，这些规则限制了实现可以合法定义的符号。 A macro predefined by the compiler could only have a name starting with two underscores, or with an underscore followed by an uppercase letter, leaving programmers free to use identifiers not matching that pattern and not used in the standard library. 编译器预定义的宏只能使用以两个下划线开头的名称，或者以下划线后接大写字母的名称，从而使程序员可以自由使用与该模式不匹配且未在标准库中使用的标识符。

As a result, any compiler that predefines unix or linux is non-conforming, since it will fail to compile perfectly legal code that uses something like int linux = 5; 结果，任何预定义unix或linux编译器都是不合格的，因为它将无法完全编译使用int linux = 5;类的合法代码int linux = 5; . 。

As it happens, gcc is non-conforming by default -- but it can be made to conform (reasonably well) with the right command-line options: 碰巧的是，gcc默认情况下是不符合标准的-但可以使其与正确的命令行选项相符合（合理）：

gcc -std=c90 -pedantic ... # or -std=c89 or -ansi
gcc -std=c99 -pedantic
gcc -std=c11 -pedantic

See the gcc manual for more details. 有关更多详细信息，请参见gcc手册 。

gcc will be phasing out these definitions in future releases, so you shouldn't write code that depends on them. gcc将在将来的版本中逐步淘汰这些定义，因此您不应编写依赖它们的代码。 If your program needs to know whether it's being compiled for a Linux target or not it can check whether __linux__ is defined (assuming you're using gcc or a compiler that's compatible with it). 如果您的程序需要知道是否正在针对Linux目标进行编译，则可以检查是否已定义__linux__ （假设您使用的是gcc或与其兼容的编译器）。 See the GNU C preprocessor manual for more information. 有关更多信息，请参见GNU C预处理程序手册 。

A largely irrelevant aside: the "Best One Liner" winner of the 1987 International Obfuscated C Code Contest , by David Korn (yes, the author of the Korn Shell) took advantage of the predefined unix macro: 很大程度上无关紧要的是：David Korn（是，Korn Shell的作者）在1987年国际混淆式C代码竞赛中获得“最佳一线”奖，它利用了预定义的unix宏：

main() { printf(&unix["\021%six\012\0"],(unix)["have"]+"fun"-0x60);}

It prints "unix" , but for reasons that have absolutely nothing to do with the spelling of the macro name. 它输出"unix" ，但是由于与宏名称的拼写完全无关的原因。

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#6楼

Use this command 使用此命令

gcc -dM -E - < /dev/null

to get this 得到这个

    #define _LP64 1
#define _STDC_PREDEF_H 1
#define __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE 2
#define __ATOMIC_ACQ_REL 4
#define __ATOMIC_CONSUME 1
#define __ATOMIC_HLE_ACQUIRE 65536
#define __ATOMIC_HLE_RELEASE 131072
#define __ATOMIC_RELAXED 0
#define __ATOMIC_RELEASE 3
#define __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST 5
#define __BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT__ 16
#define __BYTE_ORDER__ __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
#define __CHAR16_TYPE__ short unsigned int
#define __CHAR32_TYPE__ unsigned int
#define __CHAR_BIT__ 8
#define __DBL_DECIMAL_DIG__ 17
#define __DBL_DENORM_MIN__ ((double)4.94065645841246544177e-324L)
#define __DBL_DIG__ 15
#define __DBL_EPSILON__ ((double)2.22044604925031308085e-16L)
#define __DBL_HAS_DENORM__ 1
#define __DBL_HAS_INFINITY__ 1
#define __DBL_HAS_QUIET_NAN__ 1
#define __DBL_MANT_DIG__ 53
#define __DBL_MAX_10_EXP__ 308
#define __DBL_MAX_EXP__ 1024
#define __DBL_MAX__ ((double)1.79769313486231570815e+308L)
#define __DBL_MIN_10_EXP__ (-307)
#define __DBL_MIN_EXP__ (-1021)
#define __DBL_MIN__ ((double)2.22507385850720138309e-308L)
#define __DEC128_EPSILON__ 1E-33DL
#define __DEC128_MANT_DIG__ 34
#define __DEC128_MAX_EXP__ 6145
#define __DEC128_MAX__ 9.999999999999999999999999999999999E6144DL
#define __DEC128_MIN_EXP__ (-6142)
#define __DEC128_MIN__ 1E-6143DL
#define __DEC128_SUBNORMAL_MIN__ 0.000000000000000000000000000000001E-6143DL
#define __DEC32_EPSILON__ 1E-6DF
#define __DEC32_MANT_DIG__ 7
#define __DEC32_MAX_EXP__ 97
#define __DEC32_MAX__ 9.999999E96DF
#define __DEC32_MIN_EXP__ (-94)
#define __DEC32_MIN__ 1E-95DF
#define __DEC32_SUBNORMAL_MIN__ 0.000001E-95DF
#define __DEC64_EPSILON__ 1E-15DD
#define __DEC64_MANT_DIG__ 16
#define __DEC64_MAX_EXP__ 385
#define __DEC64_MAX__ 9.999999999999999E384DD
#define __DEC64_MIN_EXP__ (-382)
#define __DEC64_MIN__ 1E-383DD
#define __DEC64_SUBNORMAL_MIN__ 0.000000000000001E-383DD
#define __DECIMAL_BID_FORMAT__ 1
#define __DECIMAL_DIG__ 21
#define __DEC_EVAL_METHOD__ 2
#define __ELF__ 1
#define __FINITE_MATH_ONLY__ 0
#define __FLOAT_WORD_ORDER__ __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
#define __FLT_DECIMAL_DIG__ 9
#define __FLT_DENORM_MIN__ 1.40129846432481707092e-45F
#define __FLT_DIG__ 6
#define __FLT_EPSILON__ 1.19209289550781250000e-7F
#define __FLT_EVAL_METHOD__ 0
#define __FLT_HAS_DENORM__ 1
#define __FLT_HAS_INFINITY__ 1
#define __FLT_HAS_QUIET_NAN__ 1
#define __FLT_MANT_DIG__ 24
#define __FLT_MAX_10_EXP__ 38
#define __FLT_MAX_EXP__ 128
#define __FLT_MAX__ 3.40282346638528859812e+38F
#define __FLT_MIN_10_EXP__ (-37)
#define __FLT_MIN_EXP__ (-125)
#define __FLT_MIN__ 1.17549435082228750797e-38F
#define __FLT_RADIX__ 2
#define __FXSR__ 1
#define __GCC_ASM_FLAG_OUTPUTS__ 1
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_BOOL_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_CHAR16_T_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_CHAR32_T_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_CHAR_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_LLONG_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_LONG_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_POINTER_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_SHORT_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_TEST_AND_SET_TRUEVAL 1
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_WCHAR_T_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __GCC_HAVE_DWARF2_CFI_ASM 1
#define __GCC_HAVE_SYNC_COMPARE_AND_SWAP_1 1
#define __GCC_HAVE_SYNC_COMPARE_AND_SWAP_2 1
#define __GCC_HAVE_SYNC_COMPARE_AND_SWAP_4 1
#define __GCC_HAVE_SYNC_COMPARE_AND_SWAP_8 1
#define __GCC_IEC_559 2
#define __GCC_IEC_559_COMPLEX 2
#define __GNUC_MINOR__ 3
#define __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__ 0
#define __GNUC_STDC_INLINE__ 1
#define __GNUC__ 6
#define __GXX_ABI_VERSION 1010
#define __INT16_C(c) c
#define __INT16_MAX__ 0x7fff
#define __INT16_TYPE__ short int
#define __INT32_C(c) c
#define __INT32_MAX__ 0x7fffffff
#define __INT32_TYPE__ int
#define __INT64_C(c) c ## L
#define __INT64_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffL
#define __INT64_TYPE__ long int
#define __INT8_C(c) c
#define __INT8_MAX__ 0x7f
#define __INT8_TYPE__ signed char
#define __INTMAX_C(c) c ## L
#define __INTMAX_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffL
#define __INTMAX_TYPE__ long int
#define __INTPTR_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffL
#define __INTPTR_TYPE__ long int
#define __INT_FAST16_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffL
#define __INT_FAST16_TYPE__ long int
#define __INT_FAST32_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffL
#define __INT_FAST32_TYPE__ long int
#define __INT_FAST64_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffL
#define __INT_FAST64_TYPE__ long int
#define __INT_FAST8_MAX__ 0x7f
#define __INT_FAST8_TYPE__ signed char
#define __INT_LEAST16_MAX__ 0x7fff
#define __INT_LEAST16_TYPE__ short int
#define __INT_LEAST32_MAX__ 0x7fffffff
#define __INT_LEAST32_TYPE__ int
#define __INT_LEAST64_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffL
#define __INT_LEAST64_TYPE__ long int
#define __INT_LEAST8_MAX__ 0x7f
#define __INT_LEAST8_TYPE__ signed char
#define __INT_MAX__ 0x7fffffff
#define __LDBL_DENORM_MIN__ 3.64519953188247460253e-4951L
#define __LDBL_DIG__ 18
#define __LDBL_EPSILON__ 1.08420217248550443401e-19L
#define __LDBL_HAS_DENORM__ 1
#define __LDBL_HAS_INFINITY__ 1
#define __LDBL_HAS_QUIET_NAN__ 1
#define __LDBL_MANT_DIG__ 64
#define __LDBL_MAX_10_EXP__ 4932
#define __LDBL_MAX_EXP__ 16384
#define __LDBL_MAX__ 1.18973149535723176502e+4932L
#define __LDBL_MIN_10_EXP__ (-4931)
#define __LDBL_MIN_EXP__ (-16381)
#define __LDBL_MIN__ 3.36210314311209350626e-4932L
#define __LONG_LONG_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffLL
#define __LONG_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffL
#define __LP64__ 1
#define __MMX__ 1
#define __NO_INLINE__ 1
#define __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__ 4321
#define __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__ 1234
#define __ORDER_PDP_ENDIAN__ 3412
#define __PIC__ 2
#define __PIE__ 2
#define __PRAGMA_REDEFINE_EXTNAME 1
#define __PTRDIFF_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffL
#define __PTRDIFF_TYPE__ long int
#define __REGISTER_PREFIX__ 
#define __SCHAR_MAX__ 0x7f
#define __SEG_FS 1
#define __SEG_GS 1
#define __SHRT_MAX__ 0x7fff
#define __SIG_ATOMIC_MAX__ 0x7fffffff
#define __SIG_ATOMIC_MIN__ (-__SIG_ATOMIC_MAX__ - 1)
#define __SIG_ATOMIC_TYPE__ int
#define __SIZEOF_DOUBLE__ 8
#define __SIZEOF_FLOAT128__ 16
#define __SIZEOF_FLOAT80__ 16
#define __SIZEOF_FLOAT__ 4
#define __SIZEOF_INT128__ 16
#define __SIZEOF_INT__ 4
#define __SIZEOF_LONG_DOUBLE__ 16
#define __SIZEOF_LONG_LONG__ 8
#define __SIZEOF_LONG__ 8
#define __SIZEOF_POINTER__ 8
#define __SIZEOF_PTRDIFF_T__ 8
#define __SIZEOF_SHORT__ 2
#define __SIZEOF_SIZE_T__ 8
#define __SIZEOF_WCHAR_T__ 4
#define __SIZEOF_WINT_T__ 4
#define __SIZE_MAX__ 0xffffffffffffffffUL
#define __SIZE_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __SSE2_MATH__ 1
#define __SSE2__ 1
#define __SSE_MATH__ 1
#define __SSE__ 1
#define __SSP_STRONG__ 3
#define __STDC_HOSTED__ 1
#define __STDC_IEC_559_COMPLEX__ 1
#define __STDC_IEC_559__ 1
#define __STDC_ISO_10646__ 201605L
#define __STDC_NO_THREADS__ 1
#define __STDC_UTF_16__ 1
#define __STDC_UTF_32__ 1
#define __STDC_VERSION__ 201112L
#define __STDC__ 1
#define __UINT16_C(c) c
#define __UINT16_MAX__ 0xffff
#define __UINT16_TYPE__ short unsigned int
#define __UINT32_C(c) c ## U
#define __UINT32_MAX__ 0xffffffffU
#define __UINT32_TYPE__ unsigned int
#define __UINT64_C(c) c ## UL
#define __UINT64_MAX__ 0xffffffffffffffffUL
#define __UINT64_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __UINT8_C(c) c
#define __UINT8_MAX__ 0xff
#define __UINT8_TYPE__ unsigned char
#define __UINTMAX_C(c) c ## UL
#define __UINTMAX_MAX__ 0xffffffffffffffffUL
#define __UINTMAX_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __UINTPTR_MAX__ 0xffffffffffffffffUL
#define __UINTPTR_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __UINT_FAST16_MAX__ 0xffffffffffffffffUL
#define __UINT_FAST16_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __UINT_FAST32_MAX__ 0xffffffffffffffffUL
#define __UINT_FAST32_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __UINT_FAST64_MAX__ 0xffffffffffffffffUL
#define __UINT_FAST64_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __UINT_FAST8_MAX__ 0xff
#define __UINT_FAST8_TYPE__ unsigned char
#define __UINT_LEAST16_MAX__ 0xffff
#define __UINT_LEAST16_TYPE__ short unsigned int
#define __UINT_LEAST32_MAX__ 0xffffffffU
#define __UINT_LEAST32_TYPE__ unsigned int
#define __UINT_LEAST64_MAX__ 0xffffffffffffffffUL
#define __UINT_LEAST64_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __UINT_LEAST8_MAX__ 0xff
#define __UINT_LEAST8_TYPE__ unsigned char
#define __USER_LABEL_PREFIX__ 
#define __VERSION__ "6.3.0 20170406"
#define __WCHAR_MAX__ 0x7fffffff
#define __WCHAR_MIN__ (-__WCHAR_MAX__ - 1)
#define __WCHAR_TYPE__ int
#define __WINT_MAX__ 0xffffffffU
#define __WINT_MIN__ 0U
#define __WINT_TYPE__ unsigned int
#define __amd64 1
#define __amd64__ 1
#define __code_model_small__ 1
#define __gnu_linux__ 1
#define __has_include(STR) __has_include__(STR)
#define __has_include_next(STR) __has_include_next__(STR)
#define __k8 1
#define __k8__ 1
#define __linux 1
#define __linux__ 1
#define __pic__ 2
#define __pie__ 2
#define __unix 1
#define __unix__ 1
#define __x86_64 1
#define __x86_64__ 1
#define linux 1
#define unix 1