最近做的项目中遇到一个问题:明明用了ConcurrentHashMap,可是始终线程不安全
除去项目中的业务逻辑,简化后的代码如下:
- public class Test40 {
-
- public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
- for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
- System.out.println(test());
- }
- }
-
- private static int test() throws InterruptedException {
- ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer>();
- ExecutorService pool = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
- for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
- pool.execute(new MyTask(map));
- }
- pool.shutdown();
- pool.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.DAYS);
-
- return map.get(MyTask.KEY);
- }
- }
-
- class MyTask implements Runnable {
-
- public static final String KEY = "key";
-
- private ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> map;
-
- public MyTask(ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> map) {
- this.map = map;
- }
-
- @Override
- public void run() {
- for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
- this.addup();
- }
- }
-
- private void addup() {
- if (!map.containsKey(KEY)) {
- map.put(KEY, 1);
- } else {
- map.put(KEY, map.get(KEY) + 1);
- }
- }
- }
测试代码跑了10次,每次都不是800。这就很让人疑惑了,难道ConcurrentHashMap的线程安全性失效了?
查了一些资料后发现,原来ConcurrentHashMap的线程安全指的是,它的每个方法单独调用(即原子操作)都是线程安全的,但是代码总体的互斥性并不受控制。以上面的代码为例,最后一行中的:
- map.put(KEY, map.get(KEY) + 1);
实际上并不是原子操作,它包含了三步:
- map.get
- 加1
- map.put
其中第1和第3步,单独来说都是线程安全的,由ConcurrentHashMap保证。但是由于在上面的代码中,map本身是一个共享变量。当线程A执行map.get的时候,其它线程可能正在执行map.put,这样一来当线程A执行到map.put的时候,线程A的值就已经是脏数据了,然后脏数据覆盖了真值,导致线程不安全
简单地说,ConcurrentHashMap的get方法获取到的是此时的真值,但它并不保证当你调用put方法的时候,当时获取到的值仍然是真值
为了使上面的代码变得线程安全,我引入了synchronized关键字来修饰目标方法,如下:
- public class Test40 {
-
- public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
- for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
- System.out.println(test());
- }
- }
-
- private static int test() throws InterruptedException {
- ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer>();
- ExecutorService pool = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
- for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
- pool.execute(new MyTask(map));
- }
- pool.shutdown();
- pool.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.DAYS);
-
- return map.get(MyTask.KEY);
- }
- }
-
- class MyTask implements Runnable {
-
- public static final String KEY = "key";
-
- private ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> map;
-
- public MyTask(ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> map) {
- this.map = map;
- }
-
- @Override
- public void run() {
- for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
- this.addup();
- }
- }
-
- private synchronized void addup() {
- if (!map.containsKey(KEY)) {
- map.put(KEY, 1);
- } else {
- map.put(KEY, map.get(KEY) + 1);
- }
- }
-
- }
运行之后仍然是线程不安全的,难道synchronized也失效了?
查阅了synchronized的资料后,原来,不管synchronized是用来修饰方法,还是修饰代码块,其本质都是锁定某一个对象。修饰方法时,锁上的是调用这个方法的对象,即this;修饰代码块时,锁上的是括号里的那个对象
在上面的代码中,很明显就是锁定的MyTask对象本身。但是由于在每一个线程中,MyTask对象都是独立的,这就导致实际上每个线程都对自己的MyTask进行锁定,而并不会干涉其它线程的MyTask对象。换言之,上锁压根没有意义
理解到这点之后,对上面的代码又做了一次修改:
- public class Test40 {
-
- public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
- for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
- System.out.println(test());
- }
- }
-
- private static int test() throws InterruptedException {
- ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer>();
- ExecutorService pool = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
- for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
- pool.execute(new MyTask(map));
- }
- pool.shutdown();
- pool.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.DAYS);
-
- return map.get(MyTask.KEY);
- }
- }
-
- class MyTask implements Runnable {
-
- public static final String KEY = "key";
-
- private ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> map;
-
- public MyTask(ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> map) {
- this.map = map;
- }
-
- @Override
- public void run() {
- for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
- synchronized (map) {
- this.addup();
- }
- }
- }
-
- private void addup() {
- if (!map.containsKey(KEY)) {
- map.put(KEY, 1);
- } else {
- map.put(KEY, map.get(KEY) + 1);
- }
- }
-
- }
此时在调用addup时直接锁定map,由于map是被所有线程共享的,因而达到了让所有线程互斥的目的,线程安全达成。
修改后,ConcurrentHashMap的作用就不大了,可以直接将代码中的map换成普通的HashMap,以减少由ConcurrentHashMap带来的锁开销
最后特别补充的是,synchronized关键字判断对象是否是它属于锁定的对象,本质上是通过 == 运算符来判断的。换句话说,上面的代码中,可以采用任何一个常量,或者每个线程都共享的变量,或者MyTask类的静态变量,来代替map。只要该变量与synchronized锁定的目标变量相同(==),就可以使synchronized生效
综上,代码最终可以修改为:
- public class Test40 {
-
- public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
- for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
- System.out.println(test());
- }
- }
-
- private static int test() throws InterruptedException {
- Map<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<String, Integer>();
- ExecutorService pool = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
- for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
- pool.execute(new MyTask(map));
- }
- pool.shutdown();
- pool.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.DAYS);
-
- return map.get(MyTask.KEY);
- }
- }
-
- class MyTask implements Runnable {
-
- public static Object lock = new Object();
-
- public static final String KEY = "key";
-
- private Map<String, Integer> map;
-
- public MyTask(Map<String, Integer> map) {
- this.map = map;
- }
-
- @Override
- public void run() {
- for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
- synchronized (lock) {
- this.addup();
- }
- }
- }
-
- private void addup() {
- if (!map.containsKey(KEY)) {
- map.put(KEY, 1);
- } else {
- map.put(KEY, map.get(KEY) + 1);
- }
- }
-
- }