(转载)线程假唤醒的原因
2013-12-15 09:45:09| 分类: LINUX编程 | 标签:linuxunix知识 c++小知识 |举报|字号 订阅
线程假唤醒的原因
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious_wakeup
Spurious wakeup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking. (September 2009)
Spurious wakeup describes a complication in the use of condition variables as provided by certain multithreading APIs such as POSIX Threads and the Windows API.
Even after a condition variable appears to have been signaled from a waiting thread's point of view, the condition that was awaited may still be false. One of the reasons for this is a spurious wakeup; that is, a thread might be awoken from its waiting state even though no thread signaled the condition variable. For correctness it is necessary, then, to verify that the condition is indeed true after the thread has finished waiting. Because spurious wakeup can happen repeatedly, this is achieved by waiting inside a loop that terminates when the condition is true, for example:
/* In any waiting thread: */
while(!buf->full)
wait(&buf->cond, &buf->lock);
/* In any other thread: */
if(buf->n >= buf->size){
buf->full = 1;
signal(&buf->cond);
}
In this example it is known that another thread will set buf->full (the actual condition awaited) before signaling buf->cond (the means of synchronizing the two threads). The waiting thread will always verify the truth of the actual condition upon returning from wait, ensuring correct behaviour if spurious wakeup occurs.
According to David R. Butenhof's Programming with POSIX Threads ISBN 0-201-63392-2:
"This means that when you wait on a condition variable, the wait may (occasionally) return when no thread specifically broadcast or signaled that condition variable. Spurious wakeups may sound strange, but on some multiprocessor systems, making condition wakeup completely predictable might substantially slow all condition variable operations. The race conditions that cause spurious wakeups should be considered rare."
Other reasons for verifying the invariant[edit]
Practical reasons exist for checking the invariant after a return from a wait other than spurious wakeups. For example, a woken-up thread may not be scheduled immediately after the wake up, but be at the mercy of the system scheduler. A scheduler may preempt a process abruptly or schedule other threads. It may be the case that, in the meantime, an external entity (another process or hardware) has invalidated the invariant assumption. As with spurious wakeup, wrapping the wait with a loop avoids such cases.
External links
External links[edit]
? online references
? discussions
? Interface without spurious wakeups
? Volodya's blog - Spurious wakeups
? Posix documentation for pthread_cond_wait, pthread_cond_timedwait functions
Categories:
? C POSIX library
http://blog.csdn.net/nhn_devlab/article/details/6117239
对条件变量(condition variable)的讨论
2011-01-05 10:06 2043人阅读 评论(3) 收藏 举报
semaphorethreadsignalvariableslinuxjavadoc
目录(?)[+]
作者:王东
1.1 什么是条件变量和条件等待?
简单的说:
条件变量(condition variable)是利用线程间共享的全局变量进行同步的一种机制,主要包括两个动作:一个线程等待某个条件为真,而将自己挂起;另一个线程使的条件成立,并通知等待的线程继续。为了防止竞争,条件变量的使用总是和一个互斥锁结合在一起。
Wiki中的定义如下:
Conceptually a condition variable is a queue of threads, associated with a monitor, on which a thread may wait for some condition to become true. Thus each condition variable c is associated with an assertion P. While a thread is waiting on a condition variable, that thread is not considered to occupy the monitor, and so other threads may enter the monitor to change the monitor's state. In most types of monitors, these other threads may signal the condition variable c to indicate that assertion P is true in the current state[1].
条件变量(condition variable)是一种特殊的同步变量,它是与一个互斥量(monitor)关联的线程队列,条件变量都与一个断言(assertion) P关联,因为其中的线程队列中有一个线程在等待这个断言P为真。当一个线程处于等待条件变量(condition variable)时,该线程不再占用互斥量(monitor),让其他线程能够进入互斥区去改变条件状态。
在条件变量上有两种基本操作:
? 等待(wait):一个线程因为等待断言(assertion) P为真而处于等待在条件变量上,此时线程不会占用互斥量(monitor);
? 通知(signal/notify):另一个线程在使得断言(assertion) P为真的时候,通知条件变量。
一个线程发生signal时,另一个线程被激活,那么两个线程都占用的互斥量(monitor), 选择哪个线程来占用互斥,这就分为了Blocking condition variables(把优先级给被通知的线程)和Nonblocking condition variables(把优先级给发出signal通知的线程[1]。
使用条件等待有如下的场景:
多线程访问一个互斥区域内的资源,如果获取资源的条件不够时,则线程需要等待,直到其他线程释放资源后,唤醒等待条件,使得线程得以继续。例如:
Thread1:
Lock (mutex)
while (condition is false) {
//为什么要在这里用while而不是if呢?
//参考1.2.1条件变量存在的问题
Cond_wait(cond, mutex, timeout)
}
DoSomething()
Unlock (mutex)
Thread2:
Lock (mutex)
…
condition is true
Cond_signal(cond)
Unlock (mutex)
例如 Thread1从一个大小为50的链接池中获取一个链接,如果已经用的链接达到50时,那该线程必须等待一个条件。Thread2 用完一个链接时,将该链接还给链接池,然后发送条件notify,告诉Thread1 可以继续了。.
1.1.1 关于条件变量(condition variable)和信号量(Semaphore)
信号量(Semaphore)是一个非负的整数计数器,被用于进程或线程间的同步与互斥。
通过信号量可以实现 “PV操作”这种进程或线程间的同步机制。
P操作是获得资源,将信号量的值减1,如果结果不为负则继续执行,线程获得资源,否则线程被阻塞,处于睡眠状态,直到等待的资源被别的线程释放;
V操作则是释放资源,给信号量的值加1,释放一个因执行P操作而等待的线程。
最简单的信号灯形式,信号灯的值只能取0或1,类似于mutex。
当信号量的值为任意非负值(大于1),其值就代表可用资源的个数。
可以将信号量Semaphore和互斥锁(mutex)来实现一个来实现对一个池的同步和保护。使用mutex来实现同步,使用semaphore用于实现对资源记数。
获得资源的线程:
sem_wait (semaphore1)
Lock (mutex)
…
Unlock (mutex)
sem_post (semaphore2)
释放资源的线程:
sem_wait (semaphore2)
Lock (mutex)
…
Unlock (mutex)
sem_post (semaphore1)
这个模型很像多线程的生产者与消费者模型,这里的semaphore2是为了防止过度释放。
比起信号量来说,条件变量可以实现更为复杂的等待条件。当然,条件变量和互斥锁也可以实现信号量的功能(window下的条件变量只能实现线程同步不能实现进程同步)。
在Posix.1基本原理一文声称,有了互斥锁和条件变量还提供信号量的原因是:“本标准提供信号量的而主要目的是提供一种进程间同步的方式;这些进程可能共享也可能不共享内存区。互斥锁和条件变量是作为线程间的同步机制说明的;这些线程总是共享(某个)内存区。这两者都是已广泛使用了多年的同步方式。每组原语都特别适合于特定的问题”。尽管信号量的意图在于进程间同步,互斥锁和条件变量的意图在于线程间同步,但是信号量也可用于线程间,互斥锁和条件变量也可用于进程间。应当根据实际的情况进行决定。信号量最有用的场景是用以指明可用资源的数量[11]。
个人的感觉是:由于起源不同,导致了两种理念,一中理念力挺条件变量(condition variable),觉得信号量没有什么用(例如POSIX Thread模型中没有信号量的概念,虽然也提出了Posix Semaphore,但是为什么一开始不把它放在一起呢?);另一理念恰好相反(例如window刚开始没有条件变量的概念,只有信号量的概念)。
进化到后来,目前的linux和window都同时具备了这二者。
1.2 Linux中的条件等待函数是那些?
Linux提供了的条件等待函数和notify函数。
? pthread_cond_timedwait(cond, mutex, abstime);
? pthread_cond_wait(cond, mutex);
? pthread_cond_signal(cond); 将至少解锁一个线程(阻塞在条件变量上的线程)。
? pthread_cond_broadcast(cond) : 将对所有阻塞在条件变量上的线程解锁。
线程1调用pthread_cond_wait() 所做的事 三个部分:
1. 同时对mutex解锁,
2. 并等待条件 cond 发生
3. 获得通知后,对mutex加锁;
调用pthread_cond_wait()后,同时对mutex解锁,并等待条件 cond 发生(要求解锁并阻塞是一个原子操作)
现在互斥对象已被解锁,其它线程可以进入互斥区域,修改条件。
此时,pthread_cond_wait() 调用还未返回。等待条件 mycond是一个阻塞操作,这意味着线程将睡眠,在它苏醒之前不会消耗 CPU 周期。直到特定条件发生[3]。
假设另一个线程2对mutex加锁, 并改变条件, 然后调用函数 pthread_cond_signal() 激活等待条件。这意味着线程1现在将苏醒。此时线程1试图对mutex加锁,由于线程2还没有对mutex解锁,所以线程1只有等待,只有在线程2对mutex解锁后,线程1优先获得mutex加锁,然后就能做想做的事情了。
这里是存在问题的:如何让线程1优先获得mutex加锁,而不是其他线程,pthread_mutex_lock 的伪代码[4]中展示了这种实现的可能性,signal函数中优先激活了wait中的线程。
pthread_cond_wait(mutex, cond):
value = cond->value;
pthread_mutex_unlock(mutex);
pthread_mutex_lock(cond->mutex);
if (value == cond->value) {
me->next_cond = cond->waiter;
cond->waiter = me;
pthread_mutex_unlock(cond->mutex);
unable_to_run(me);
} else
pthread_mutex_unlock(cond->mutex);
pthread_mutex_lock(mutex);
pthread_cond_signal(cond):
pthread_mutex_lock(cond->mutex);
cond->value++;
if (cond->waiter) {
sleeper = cond->waiter;
cond->waiter = sleeper->next_cond;
able_to_run(sleeper);
}
pthread_mutex_unlock(cond->mutex);
下面的例子展示了使用条件变量的示例代码[2]:
其中一个或多个线程负责count数增加(inc_count),另一个线程负责监听count数,一旦达到COUNT_LIMIT,就报告(watch_count)。
void inc_count (void) {
…
pthread_mutex_lock(&count_mutex);
count++;
if (count == COUNT_LIMIT) {
pthread_cond_signal(&count_threshold_cv);
printf("inc_count(): thread %ld, count = %d Threshold reached./n",
my_id, count);
}
printf("inc_count(): thread %ld, count = %d, unlocking mutex/n",
my_id, count);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&count_mutex);
…
}
void watch_count (void) {
…
pthread_mutex_lock(&count_mutex);
while (count<COUNT_LIMIT) {
pthread_cond_wait(&count_threshold_cv, &count_mutex);
printf("watch_count(): thread %ld Condition signal received./n", my_id);
count += 125;
printf("watch_count(): thread %ld count now = %d./n", my_id, count);
}
pthread_mutex_unlock(&count_mutex);
…
}
1.2.1 条件变量中存在的问题:虚假唤醒
Linux中帮助中提到的:
在多核处理器下,pthread_cond_signal可能会激活多于一个线程(阻塞在条件变量上的线程)。 On a multi-processor, it may be impossible for an implementation of pthread_cond_signal() to avoid the unblocking of more than one thread blocked on a condition variable.
结果是,当一个线程调用pthread_cond_signal()后,多个调用pthread_cond_wait()或pthread_cond_timedwait()的线程返回。这种效应成为”虚假唤醒”(spurious wakeup) [4]
The effect is that more than one thread can return from its call to pthread_cond_wait() or pthread_cond_timedwait() as a result of one call to pthread_cond_signal(). This effect is called "spurious wakeup". Note that the situation is self-correcting in that the number of threads that are so awakened is finite; for example, the next thread to call pthread_cond_wait() after the sequence of events above blocks.
虽然虚假唤醒在pthread_cond_wait函数中可以解决,为了发生概率很低的情况而降低边缘条件(fringe condition)效率是不值得的,纠正这个问题会降低对所有基于它的所有更高级的同步操作的并发度。所以pthread_cond_wait的实现上没有去解决它。
While this problem could be resolved, the loss of efficiency for a fringe condition that occurs only rarely is unacceptable, especially given that one has to check the predicate associated with a condition variable anyway. Correcting this problem would unnecessarily reduce the degree of concurrency in this basic building block for all higher-level synchronization operations.
所以通常的标准解决办法是这样的:
将条件的判断从if 改为while
pthread_cond_wait中的while()不仅仅在等待条件变量前检查条件变量,实际上在等待条件变量后也检查条件变量。
这样对condition进行多做一次判断,即可避免“虚假唤醒”.
这就是为什么在pthread_cond_wait()前要加一个while循环来判断条件是否为假的原因。
有意思的是这个问题也存在几乎所有地方,包括: linux 条件等待的描述, POSIX Threads的描述, window API(condition variable), java等等。
? 在linux的帮助中对条件变量的描述是[4]:
添加while检查的做法被认为是增加了程序的健壮性,在IEEE Std 1003.1-2001中认为spurious wakeup是允许的。
An added benefit of allowing spurious wakeups is that applications are forced to code a predicate-testing-loop around the condition wait. This also makes the application tolerate superfluous condition broadcasts or signals on the same condition variable that may be coded in some other part of the application. The resulting applications are thus more robust. Therefore, IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 explicitly documents that spurious wakeups may occur.
? 在POSIX Threads中[5]:
David R. Butenhof 认为多核系统中 条件竞争(race condition [8])导致了虚假唤醒的发生,并且认为完全消除虚假唤醒本质上会降低了条件变量的操作性能。
“…, but on some multiprocessor systems, making condition wakeup completely predictable might substantially slow all condition variable operations. The race conditions that cause spurious wakeups should be considered rare”
? 在window的条件变量中[6]:
MSDN帮助中描述为,spurious wakeups问题依然存在,条件需要重复check。
Condition variables are subject to spurious wakeups (those not associated with an explicit wake) and stolen wakeups (another thread manages to run before the woken thread). Therefore, you should recheck a predicate (typically in a while loop) after a sleep operation returns.
? 在Java中 [7],对等待的写法如下:
synchronized (obj) {
while (<condition does not hold>)
obj.wait();
... // Perform action appropriate to condition
}
Effective java 曾经提到Item 50: Never invoke wait outside a loop.
显然,虚假唤醒是个问题,但它也是在JLS的第三版的JDK5的修订中才得以澄清。在JDK 5的Javadoc进行更新
A thread can also wake up without being notified, interrupted, or timing out, a so-called spurious wakeup. While this will rarely occur in practice, applications must guard against it by testing for the condition that should have caused the thread to be awakened, and continuing to wait if the condition is not satisfied. In other words, waits should always occur in loops.
Apparently, the spurious wakeup is an issue (I doubt that it is a well known issue) that intermediate to expert developers know it can happen but it just has been clarified in JLS third edition which has been revised as part of JDK 5 development. The javadoc of wait method in JDK 5 has also been updated
1.3 Window 里面的条件等待函数是那些?
比较奇怪的是一直到vista和window2008以前,window居然没有标准的条件变量的概念。
实现条件变量和条件等待.
Window 采用了一种组合方式的策略来实现条件等待。
1. 使用 mutex 来实现互斥锁
2. 使用 SignalObjectAndWait实现条件等待;
3. 对autoreset类型的event 使用 PulseEvent实现signal 条件;
事实上,window是用 autoreset的event来实现条件的。
具体的:
Thread1:
WaitForSingleObject(hMutex);
If (condition is false){
SignalObjectAndWait(hMutex, hEvent);
WaitForSingleObject(hMutex);
}
Dosomething();
ReleaseMutex(hMutex);
Thead2:
WaitForSingleObject(hMutex);
PulseEvent (hEvent);
ReleaseMutex(hMutex);
SignalObjectAndWait做的工作和cond_wait不完全一样。
SignalObjectAndWait只做2件事情:
1. 同时对mutex解锁,
2. 并等待条件 cond 发生
获得signal通知,直接就往下走了,而不是等待mutex,这一点与Pthread_cond_wait()不同。因此在使用SignalObjectAndWait 后,必须使用lock(mutex)来获得mutex的锁,防止两个线程同时进入mutex。
这里lock(mutex)是可能存在问题的,因为无法保证这里的lock(mutex)能优先获得进入的权利。事实上如果在SignalObjectAndWait()和lock(mutex)(WaitForSingleObject)加sleep(), 就会导致其他线程先获得mutex的lock。因此也应该像linux中一样,使用循环判断。
Thread1:
WaitForSingleObject(hMutex);
while (condition is false){
SignalObjectAndWait(hMutex, hEvent);
WaitForSingleObject(hMutex);
}
Dosomething();
ReleaseMutex(hMutex);
1.3.1 PulseEvent在条件等待中存在的问题,如何解决?
实际上PulseEvent 是不可信赖的,因为当一个线程处于等待状态时,会一些瞬间其状态并不是等待状态,这就导致了PulseEvent()不能激活这些线程。
例如:核心模式的APC调用,会导致等待的线程瞬间不处于等待状态。
A thread waiting on a synchronization object can be momentarily removed from the wait state by a kernel-mode APC, and then returned to the wait state after the APC is complete. If the call to PulseEvent occurs during the time when the thread has been removed from the wait state, the thread will not be released because PulseEvent releases only those threads that are waiting at the moment it is called. Therefore, PulseEvent is unreliable and should not be used by new applications. Instead, use condition variables.
当然可以用SetEvent ()来代替PulseEvent(),那将会唤醒所以等待的线程。这样的唤醒更像是notifyAll,而不是notify.
标准的解决办法是使用window中condition variables[9].
1.3.2 Window下标准做法
condition variables是微软从vista和2008以后引入的技术,xp和2003的系统不支持。
condition variables和临界区一样,是用户态调用,不是系统调用(意味着是高效的),只支持同一个进程内的多线程。
? WakeConditionVariable 唤醒一个等待条件变量的线程
? WakeAllConditionVariable 唤醒所有等待条件变量的线程;
? SleepConditionVariableCS 释放临界区锁和等待条件变量作为原子性操作
? SleepConditionVariableSRW 释放SRW锁和等待条件变量作为原子性操作.
这样,在window下使用条件变量的方法如下所示:
Thread1:
EnterCriticalSection(&CritSection);
while( TestPredicate() == FALSE ){
SleepConditionVariableCS(&ConditionVar, &CritSection, INFINITE);
}
DoSth();
LeaveCriticalSection(&CritSection);
Thread2:
EnterCriticalSection(&CritSection);
WakeConditionVariable (ConditionVar);
LeaveCriticalSection(&CritSection);
同样的spurious wakeups问题依然存在,条件需要重复check。
1.3.3 Window下的其他方法?
Window下面使用condition variable固然好,但是对于不能使用condition variable的xp和2003怎么办呢。
有两个办法:
1 使用pthread porting到window中的pthread win32方法。使用pthread在window中的运行库。具体可参考:
http://sourceware.org/pthreads-win32/
2 自己写一个,或者利用他人写好的条件变量
可参考:
a) A Fair Monitor (Condition Variables) Implementation for Win32
http://thbecker.net/free_software_utilities/fair_monitor_for_win32/start_page.html
b) Windows下条件变量的实现
http://blog.csdn.net/leafarmy/archive/2009/03/31/4039548.aspx
1.4 参考:
1.Monitor (synchronization) Condition variable
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition_variable
2 POSIX Threads Programming
https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/pthreads/#ConditionVariables
3 pthread_cond_wait()太难理解了
http://hi.baidu.com/nkhzj/blog/item/f5480d4f740f7f35aec3ab4b.html
4 pthread_cond_signal(3) - Linux man page
http://linux.die.net/man/3/pthread_cond_signal
5 POSIX Threads-Spurious wakeup
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious_wakeup
6 Condition Variables
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms682052(v=VS.85).aspx
7 java-的spurious wakeup问题
http://www.devguli.com/blog/eng/spurious-wakeup/
8 Race condition
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_condition
9 PulseEvent
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms684914(VS.85).aspx
10 windows - Condition Variables
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms682052(v=VS.85).aspx
11 进程间的通信(互斥锁、条件变量、读写锁、文件锁、信号灯)
http://blog.csdn.net/ccskyer/archive/2010/12/24/6096710.aspx
12 pthread_cond_wait的spurious wakeup问题
http://blog.chinaunix.net/u/12592/showart_2213910.html
最近在温习pthread的时候,忽然发现以前对pthread_cond_wait的了解太肤浅了。昨晚在看《Programming With POSIX Threads》的时候,看到了pthread_cond_wait的通常使用方法:
pthread_mutex_lock();
while(condition_is_false)
pthread_cond_wait();
pthread_mutex_unlock();
为什么在pthread_cond_wait()前要加一个while循环来判断条件是否为假呢?
APUE中写道:
传递给pthread_cond_wait的互斥量对条件进行保护,调用者把锁住的互斥量传给函数。函数把调用线程放到等待条件的线程列表上,然后对互斥量解锁,这两个操作是原子操作。
线程释放互斥量,等待其他线程发给该条件变量的信号(唤醒一个等待者)或广播该条件变量(唤醒所有等待者)。当等待条件变量时,互斥量必须始终为释放的,这样其他线程才有机会锁住互斥量,修改条件变量。当线程从条件变量等待中醒来时,它重新继续锁住互斥量,对临界资源进行处理。
条件变量的作用是发信号,而不是互斥。
wait前检查
对于多线程程序,不能够用常规串行的思路来思考它们,因为它们是完全异步的,会出现很多临界情况。比如:pthread_cond_signal的时间早于pthread_cond_wait的时间,这样pthread_cond_wait就会一直等下去,漏掉了之前的条件变化。
对于这种情况,解决的方法是在锁住互斥量之后和等待条件变量之前,检查条件变量是否已经发生变化。
if(condition_is_false)
pthread_cond_wait();
这样在等待条件变量前检查一下条件变量的值,如果条件变量已经发生了变化,那么就没有必要进行等待了,可以直接进行处理。这种方法在并发系统中比较常见,例如之前PACKET_MMAP中poll的竞争条件的解决方法。
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忽然想起了设计模式中的单件模式的"双重检查加锁":
Singleton *getInstance()
{
if(ptr==NULL)
{
LOCK();
if(ptr==NULL)
{
ptr = new Singleton();
}
UNLOCK();
}
return ptr;
}
这样只有在第一次的时候会进行锁(应该是第一轮,如果刚开始有多个线程进入了最上层的ptr==NULL代码块,就会有多次锁,只不过之后就不会锁了),之后就不会锁了。
pthread_once()的实现也是基于单件模式的。
pthread_once函数首先检查控制变量,以判断是否已经完成初始化。如果完成,pthread_once简单的返回;否则,pthread_once调用初始化函数(没有参数),并记录下初始化被完成。如果在一个线程初始化时,另外的线程调用pthread_once,则调用线程将等待,直到那个线程完成初始化后返回。换句话,当调用pthread_once成功返回时,调用者能够肯定所有的状态已经初始化完毕。
int
__pthread_once (once_control, init_routine)
pthread_once_t *once_control;
void (*init_routine) (void);
{
/* XXX Depending on whether the LOCK_IN_ONCE_T is defined use a
global lock variable or one which is part of the pthread_once_t
object. */
if (*once_control == PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT)
{
lll_lock (once_lock, LLL_PRIVATE);
/* XXX This implementation is not complete. It doesn't take
cancelation and fork into account. */
if (*once_control == PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT)
{
init_routine ();
*once_control = !PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
}
lll_unlock (once_lock, LLL_PRIVATE);
}
return 0;
}
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pthread_cond_wait中的while()不仅仅在等待条件变量前检查条件变量,实际上在等待条件变量后也检查条件变量。pthread_cond_wait返回后,还需要检查条件变量,这是为什么呢?难道pthread_cond_wait不是pthread_cond_signal触发了某个condition导致的吗?
这个地方有些迷惑人,实际上pthread_cond_wait的返回不仅仅是pthread_cond_signal和pthread_cond_broadcast导致的,还会有一些假唤醒,也就是spurious wakeup。
何为假唤醒?顾名思义就是虚假的唤醒,与pthread_cond_signal和pthread_cond_broadcast的唤醒相对。那么什么情况下会导致假唤醒呢?可以阅读参考1。
signal
大致意思是:
在linux中,pthread_cond_wait底层是futex系统调用。在linux中,任何慢速的阻塞的系统调用当接收到信号的时候,就会返回-1,并且设置errno为EINTR。在系统调用返回前,用户程序注册的信号处理函数会被调用处理。
注:什么有样的系统调用会出现接收信号后发挥EINTR呢?
慢速阻塞的系统调用,有可能会永远阻塞下去的那种。当接收到信号的时候,认为是一个返回并执行其他代码的一个时机。
信号的处理也不简单,因为有些慢系统调用被信号中断后是会自动重启的,所以我们通常需要用siginterrupt(signo, 1)来关闭重启或者在用sigaction安装信号处理函数的时候取消SA_RESTART标志,之后就可以通过判断信号的返回值是否是-1和errno是否为EINTR来判断是否有信号抵达。
如果关闭了SA_RESTART的一些使用慢速系统调用的应用,一般都采用while()循环,检测到EINTR后就重新调用。
while(1)
{
int ret = syscall();
if(ret<0 && errno==EINTR)
continue;
else
break;
}
但是,对于futex这种方法不行,因为futex结束后,再重新运行的过程中,会出现一个时间窗口,其他线程可能会在这个时间窗口中进行pthread_cond_signal,这样,再进行pthread_cond_wait的时候就丢失了一次条件变量的变化。解决方法就是在pthread_cond_wait前检查条件变量,也就是
pthread_mutex_lock();
while(condition_is_false)
pthread_cond_wait();
pthread_mutex_unlock();
pthread_cond_broadcast
实际上,不仅仅信号会导致假唤醒,pthread_cond_broadcast也会导致假唤醒。加入条件变量上有多个线程在等待,pthread_cond_broadcast会唤醒所有的等待线程,而pthread_cond_signal只会唤醒其中一个等待线程。这样,pthread_cond_broadcast的情况也许要在pthread_cond_wait前使用while循环来检查条件变量。
参考:
http://vladimir_prus.blogspot.com/2005/07/spurious-wakeups.html
http://www.lambdacs.com/cpt/FAQ.html#Q94
http://groups.google.de/group/comp.programming.threads/msg/bb8299804652fdd7