uptime和last reboot

linux系统中的uptime命令主要用于获取主机运行时间和查询linux系统负载等信息。
uptime命令可以显示系统已经运行了多长时间，信息显示依次为：现在时间、系统已经运行了多长时间、目前有多少登陆用户、系统在过去的1分钟、5分钟和15分钟内的平均负载。
uptime命令用法十分简单：直接输入uptime即可.
另外还有一个参数  -V ，是用来查询版本的。 (注意是大写的字母v)
[linux @ localhost]$ uptime –V
procps version 3.2.7
[linux @ localhost]$ uptime
显示结果为：
10:19:04 up 257 days, 18:56,  12 users,  load average: 2.10, 2.10,2.09
显示内容说明：
10:19:04                             //系统当前时间
up 257 days, 18:56             //主机已运行时间,时间越大，说明你的机器越稳定。
12 user                              //用户连接数，是总连接数而不是用户数
load average                      // 系统平均负载，统计最近1，5，15分钟的系统平均负载
那么什么是系统平均负载呢？ 系统平均负载是指在特定时间间隔内运行队列中的平均进程数。
如果每个CPU内核的当前活动进程数不大于3的话，那么系统的性能是良好的。如果每个CPU内核的任务数大于5，那么这台机器的性能有严重问题。
如果你的linux主机是1个双核CPU的话，当Load Average 为6的时候说明机器已经被充分使用了。

 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

last

NAME


       last, lastb - show listing of last logged in users



SYNOPSIS


       last
 [-R
] [-
num
] [ -n
 num
 ] [-adiox
] [ -f
 file
 ] [ -t
 YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
 ] [name...
]  [tty...
]

       lastb
 [-R
] [-
num
] [ -n
 num
 ] [ -f
 file
 ] [-adiox
] [name...
]  [tty...
]



DESCRIPTION


       Last
  searches  back  through the file /var/log/wtmp
 (or the file designated by the -f
 flag) and dis-

       plays a list of all users logged in (and out) since that file was created.  Names of users and  tty's

       can  be given, in which case last
 will show only those entries matching the arguments.  Names of ttys

       can be abbreviated, thus last
 0
 is the same as last
 tty0
.



       When last
 catches a SIGINT signal (generated by the interrupt key, usually control-C)  or  a  SIGQUIT

       signal (generated by the quit key, usually control-/), last
 will show how far it has searched through

       the file; in the case of the SIGINT signal last
 will then terminate.



       The pseudo user reboot
 logs in each time the system is rebooted.  Thus last
 reboot
 will show a log of

       all reboots since the log file was created.



       Lastb
  is  the  same  as last
, except that by default it shows a log of the file /var/log/btmp
, which

       contains all the bad login attempts.



OPTIONS


       -
num
   This is a count telling last
 how many lines to show.



       -n
 num
 The same.



       -t
 YYYYMMDDHHMMSS


              Display the state of logins as of the specified time.  This is useful, e.g., to determine eas-

              ily  who  was  logged in at a particular time -- specify that time with -t
 and look for "still

              logged in".



       -f
 file


              Specifies a file to search other than /var/log/wtmp
.



       -R
     Suppresses the display of the hostname field.



       -a
     Display the hostname in the last column. Useful in combination with the next flag.



       -d
     For non-local logins, Linux stores not only the host name of the remote host but its IP number

              as well. This option translates the IP number back into a hostname.



       -i
     This  option  is like -d
 in that it displays the IP number of the remote host, but it displays

              the IP number in numbers-and-dots notation.



       -o
     Read an old-type wtmp file (written by linux-libc5 applications).



       -x
     Display the system shutdown entries and run level changes.



NOTES


       The files wtmp
 and btmp
 might not be found. The system only logs information in these files  if  they

       are  present. This is a local configuration issue. If you want the files to be used, they can be cre-

       ated with a simple touch(1)
 command (for example, touch
 /var/log/wtmp
).



FILES


       /var/log/wtmp

       /var/log/btmp



AUTHOR


       Miquel van Smoorenburg, miquels AT 
cistron.nl




SEE
 ALSO


       shutdown(8)
, login(1)
, init(8)


-----------------

last reboot